درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

bodies in history. The arbitrators of this institution have referred to general principles of law, citing Article 5 of the Claims Settlement Declaration, in various cases for decision-making. Among the general principles of law, if not the most important, undoubtedly one of the most important principles is the principle of good faith. This principle plays a significant role in ensuring justice and fair adjudication. The present study, using library and documentary sources and a descriptive-analytical method, examines the role and status of the principle of good faith in the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. The research findings show that the tribunal, recognizing the importance and role of the principle of good faith in ensuring justice and fair adjudication, has referred to and established a bridge between the two legal systems of Iran and the United States in various procedural and substantive instances. The principle of good faith has played an important role in the tribunal.

The term “legal consequences of international responsibility” covers the new legal relations which arise under international law as a result of a State’s Internationally Wrongful Act (IWA). In this context, three types of obligations can be identified: the duty (a) to perform the obligation breached, (b) to cease the wrongful conduct, and (c) to make full reparation for the injury caused. In the Certain Iranian Assets Case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found that the United States had breached Articles III (1); IV (1) & (2); and X (1) of the Treaty of Amity. This article seeks to explore the legal consequences of US international responsibility. Specifically, it examines these consequences in the light of the International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility and the relevant case-law. The study recruits a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library sources for collecting data. In the Certain Iranian Assets Case, the ICJ concluded that, due to the fact that the Treaty of Amity no longer creates obligations on the Parties, as of October 3, 2019, the US has not obligation to perform its duties under the Treaty or to cease the wrongful conduct. The Court only ruled that the US should provide reparation for the injury caused. The most important finding of this article is that the Court is likely to reach similar results in the Case of Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity. Consequently, the United States bears no obligation to comply with the Treaty of Amity following its termination in October 2019. Similar to the Certain Iranian Assets Case, this termination has similar implications concerning the US responsibility to compensate the damages incurred by the injured State.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: One of the dual challenges in the world of organization and management is job engagement versus job burnout. Some believe that job engagement is the positive antithesis of job burnout. Job burnout is a problem in modern societies related to living in an advanced world, particularly in the modern work environment. Researchers have identified some consequences of this phenomenon as decreased motivation, dissatisfaction, and the intention to leave the job. The main objective of this research is to examine and compare the impact of job engagement and burnout (based on the Job Demands-Resources model) on the turnover intention among seafarers. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population consists of 300 employees working in maritime organizations in Mazandaran province, with a sample size of 169 selected through random sampling based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. To measure the research variables, questionnaires were used for job demands (role conflict, job conditions, and work-home interference) from Rizzo et al. (1970), Mohammadi et al. (2011), and Wagena & Geurts (2000) with 15 questions; job resources (supervisor support, self-esteem, and feedback) from HSE, Rosenberg (1965), Hackman & Oldham (1975) with 11 questions; job burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) from Maslach (1996) with 10 questions; job engagement (vigor, dedication, and absorption) with 12 questions; and turnover intention from Cammann et al. (1979) with 3 questions. Their validity was calculated using content and face validity methods, and their reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, demographic information (descriptive statistics) was used, and for inferential analysis, correlation tests and structural equation modeling were employed. Findings and conclusion: Statistical data analysis indicates that the impact of job resources, job demands, and job engagement on job burnout are 0.81, 0.60, and 0.30 respectively; the impact of job resources on job demands and job engagement are 0.92 and 0.70 respectively; the impact of job engagement on job burnout is 0.30; and the impact of job engagement and burnout on employees' intention to leave are 0.30 and 0.72 respectively. The research results showed that job burnout and engagement affect seafarers' turnover intention. Additionally, job engagement and demands impact burnout, while job resources influence engagement. Job demands affect seafarers' burnout, and the relationship between demands and resources as well as the impact of job resources on job burnout was confirmed.

Background and Theoretical Basis: The right to health is a comprehensive and fundamental human right, which not only includes timely and appropriate health care, but also basic factors that determine health, such as access to water, healthy food, nutrition, housing, environment, and health. The spirit and soul also spread, especially for seafarers and their families, it has a special importance in national and international law. The existence of different dimensions for health, various fields related to health, and various factors affecting it have made it difficult to define the said right, and governments are required to take measures in a wide area to ensure the possibility of a healthy life, some of these obligations require immediate action and some They should be realized over time. Iran has also recognized and supported this right by approving various laws and regulations in the field of health as well as joining various international conventions. Methods: In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, using the collection of information in the form of documents and libraries, the subject of examining the compliance of national and international laws and the functions of the Iranian legal system in realizing the right to health, focusing on commercial vessels, has been investigated. Findings: The findings of this research show that the right to health as an inherent right means that everyone has the right to achieve the highest standard of physical and mental health, and this right includes all medical services, public health, adequate food, Adequate housing includes a healthy working environment and a clean environment, both on land and at sea, onboard ships and other maritime occupations. Conclusion: The fundamental rights of health have been emphasized in Iran's legal system so since the beginning of the modern government, more than 600 laws and regulations have been approved in the field of health system. In fact, Iran is one of the most advanced countries in the Asian continent in the field of medicine and health. However, the most important internal challenges facing health and the institutionalization of health rights as a fundamental right are the problem of providing medicine and medical equipment due to the embargo on oil exports and the embargo of the Central Bank, immigration of doctors and nurses and medical staff, issues related to insurances and non-observance of transparency. In the medical system, the private sector is responsible for medical expenses. In terms of institutionalizing maritime health rights in commercial ships at the international level, the most important step taken is the ratification of the Maritime Labor Convention in 2006 by the International Labor Organization, which Iran also ratified on May 19, 2010. This convention was implemented on August 20, 2013, one year after the registration of 30 countries that own more than 33 percent of the gross tonnage of the world's ships. In fact, the main philosophy of this convention is to protect the health of seafarers and ensure their prompt access to medical care on board and ashore. Therefore, any country that approves the convention in its legal system. shall ensure that seafarers on board ships in their territory who require urgent medical attention have access to medical facilities ashore and requirements for health care and medical care on board ships including standards for safety aimed at providing Health care and medical care are provided to seafarers to be as comparable as possible to what is available ashore. Another important point is that protection and health care are provided at no cost to seafarers.