درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In the current globalized scenario, in view of the existence of phenomena and dynamics that go beyond state territories, of the integration of States in supranational and globally considered political systems, it is possible to perceive the emergence of new forms of political-legal organization in the international community that raise constitutionals conceptions beyond the classical perspective of the State-centered Constitution Theory. Thus, in view of the manifestation of a quantitative and qualitative growth of international law based on the identification of constitutional elements, an issue that has been gaining importance in debates and in the internationalist agenda, the problem to be developed asks: how is the development of Global Constitutionalism composed? considering the common challenges of the globalized world that transcend state borders, the confusion between external and internal limits, as well as the transformations of law in the international order, it is necessary to analyze the present content due to the need to point out directions by where you can tread the reflection in relation to the development of Global Constitutionalism. In this sense, the present study intends to find theoretical trends that compose the identification of the development process of the Global Constitutionalism paradigm. To answer the exposed problem, some objectives need to be achieved. Initially, an overview of the perspective of classical constitutional theory will be carried out. Then, we move on to the observation of the manifestation of Constitutionalism beyond the State. Finally, trends and aspects of the development of Global Constitutionalism will be examined.

In recent decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been struggling with piracy security threats and has suffered a lot. The piracy crisis and the presence of pirates in international waters have become one of the main crises facing the Iranian economy. Considering Iran's determination to develop its maritime transit and obtaining a larger share of the transit of free waters, attention has been paid to the issue of maritime security and the investigation of the phenomenon of piracy and ways of coping with it. Iran, like other members of the international community and following the resolutions of the Security Council, considers the threat of piracy, especially Somali pirates, to be a threat to itself, and through the navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran's military, a combination of legal, political-military measures in the form of Defense diplomacy has taken to deal with it. This article seeks to answer the question of what role the Iran Navy has played in countering the threat of piracy security within the framework of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and in accordance with international law. The findings of this paper indicate that Iran Navy has been in charge of maritime security in the last decade to deal with this security threat and has been able to reliably restrain these threats by legal, political, military mechanisms. And it has a relatively successful performance. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the background and conceptual evolution of piracy and to discover its various forms throughout human history and the legal and international status of the fight against piracy and the actions taken by the Iran Navy in the context of IONS to ensure maritime safety.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Scientific journals play an important role in producing and publishing articles resulting from research projects. However, currently, only a small portion of the research published in journals at the national and international levels is related to the sea, and in addition, only a small percentage of these articles published internationally are available to researchers for free. Therefore, marine scientific journals play a significant role in the development of a modern maritime civilization and the promotion of maritime research diplomacy in the region and internationally in the 21st century, so that in fact, what has brought human civilization to this day has been writing, and scientific journals are considered as a symbol and pillar of writing and knowledge management and marine science research. From this perspective, to develop scientific interactions, these publishers are considered scientific infrastructures for publishing scientific articles resulting from research projects and regional interactions. Methodology: In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the role of Iranian international marine scientific journals in the advancement of marine sciences among the coastal countries of the region (case study of the International Journal of Marine Policy) was examined. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the necessity of publishing international journals in scientific interactions and conferences such as the Caspian Sea Rim Universities and Research Institutes Conference, the Indian Ocean Rim Countries Conference (IONES), maritime conferences such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Conference, and academic scientific conferences for publishing scientific articles is evident. Conclusion: The extensive network of scientific journals and committed researchers worldwide plays an important role in global development and sustainability.  Effective and efficient science journals often spur robust, intellectual dialogue that can further advance science and scientific understanding, and even contribute to much-needed paradigm shifts.  In general, international marine journals can be used as an efficient and effective infrastructure for publishing scientific articles in the field of marine sciences at the national and regional levels. Therefore, it is essential for Iran, as a maritime country, in the fields of marine sciences and marine scientific research in the fields of law and the sea, maritime geopolitics, maritime governance, maritime affairs management, policy-making on marine sciences, policy-making in the development of marine industries and sustainable maritime development, as well as interdisciplinary topics based on marine sciences, such as marine technology transfer rights, etc., to publish scientific journals with an international editorial board and to smooth out all regulatory and non-regulatory obstacles in this regard. Subsequently, with the support and participation of national, regional and even international scientific governance centered on the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, universities, research centers, domestic and international associations, and regional institutions such as IORA, there is the possibility of scientific interactions with the participation of scientific journals at the national and international levels. Also, in the field of these applied axes, sea-based development can be called governance partnership, to promote scientific interactions, regional and international conferences can be held, and articles and their results can be published in scientific journals. In this case, by utilizing maritime diplomacy based on maritime science research diplomacy, scientific-research relations can be expanded with maritime countries in the region, and the International Journal of Maritime Policy can be efficient and effective in this case based on the principles of research governance.

Rohingya Muslims have suffered persecution and genocide in the Republic of Myanmar (formerly Burma) and have been expelled from the country by the military junta who are in power. The evidence is incontrovertible of grave human rights abuses and that the refugees have lived in diaspora with no prospect of returning home. The UN human rights investigators have compiled reports that testify to the inhumanities that they have suffered prior to their expulsion. Despite this, there has been no efforts towards redressing this problem which falls within the remit of international human rights and humanitarian law. The actions of the Myanmar authorities in using force can be considered as Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC) and the UN intervention under the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) measure, could be activated. This can serve as a basis for arresting the responsible officials in Myanmar and prosecuting them under an international tribunal. This has not been possible because of the lack of consensus in the international community and the exercise of the veto power by some members of the Security Council. This article argues that there should be intervention in this conflict under the existing precedent by broadening the scope of intervention and then by prosecution in a specially constituted tribunal. The R2P mechanism can be activated by prescribing the genocide of the Rohingyas within the framework of an NIAC and by constituting a tribunal under the Tadic principle to try the members of the Myanmar’s regime for their breaches of IHL.