درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The two-volume book *Selected Articles on International Law, Adjudication, and Arbitration* by Dr. Seyed Jamal Seifi, a distinguished international arbitrator and former judge at the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal, compiles articles published over three decades in Iranian legal journals. Volume 1, published in 2023, contains twelve articles divided into three sections: Arbitration (4 articles), the International Court of Justice (4 articles), and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). Volume 2, published in 2024, includes eight older articles from 1994 to 2011, organized into two sections: International Arbitration and Adjudication (4 articles) and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). The articles reflect Dr. Seifi’s dual expertise in international arbitration and public international law, addressing topics such as the evolution of arbitration, the role of the International Court of Justice, and contemporary issues in international law, including state sovereignty, investment arbitration, and the legal regime of the Caspian Sea. The review highlights the enduring relevance of these articles, particularly in light of recent developments in international law, and underscores their contribution to enriching Iran’s legal scholarship. The collection serves as a valuable resource for understanding the intersection of international arbitration, adjudication, and public international law.

Drug counterfeiting causes global health corruption and hinders the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the right to the highest attainable level of standards of health, under Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In General Comment No. 14 of the Covenant, access to essential medicines is described as a human right. Although blockchain technology provides a safe and transparent method to track drugs along the supply chain to prevent counterfeiting, the results indicate that this technology has some ambiguities in terms of structure and functionality regarding compliance with existing legal regulations, namely, limitations regarding its implementation. A question can be raised in this matter, and that is, what are the effective factors in solving the existing legal gaps in relation to the laws of the digital space and blockchain? It seems that the governance of the blockchain in the decision-making process and regulation of laws are effective in how the blockchain network works. 

The study refers to the competence given to commercial courts in Poland to be guided by “humanitarian reasons” in matters regarding the debt relief for insolvent natural persons. Humanitarian reasons allow the omission of general legal standards. The general clause "humanitarian reasons" can be clarified by referring– inter alia– to the Judeo-Christian traditional concept of debt relief and philosophy. However, Poland is a secular state. In Mosaic law, the debt relief was systemic in nature due to the construction of the sabbath and jubilee years. In Christian ethics, human dignity, forgiveness and mercy have an important place. The influence of Judeo-Christian tradition in Poland on the concept of humanitarianism is a fact. Irrespective of the personal beliefs of the body applying the law and the specific addressee of the court ruling, Judeo-Christian tradition allows for the formulation of directives as to the judicial interpretation of the term "humanitarian” in a secular state.