درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Admittedly, as opposed to simple writing treatments, massed or spaced instructions, more or less, seem to add variety and attractiveness to writing accomplishment. The current attempt concerned the efficacy of putting in service the two above-mentioned distribution instructions on EFL learners' writing performance. To conclude, 40 upper-intermediate learners (19 to 23 years) of both gender enjoyed 8 sessions in an institute in Ilam, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of massed and spaced each group consisting of 20. Instruments utilized were a Quick Oxford Placement Test, a writing pre-test, and a writing post-test. One group was disciplined paragraph writing with massed and spaced instruction with accuracy, complexity and fluency in focus. The researchers taught each session in an intensive 60 minutes' session to massed groups, whereas the similar session was taught to the spaced groups in three 20-minute short sessions at irregular time intervals. Subjects were retested after 8 weeks. Lastly, a posttest of writing was carried out for all groups. The results of the paired samples t-test and One-way ANCOVA denoted that the spaced distribution group significantly outperformed the massed distribution group on the posttest in their final post-test.

This study was explored to seek the effect of mobile-mediated dynamic assessment on Iranian EFL learners' writing skill. The participants were 60 EFL learners from one English language institute in Shiraz, Iran, learning English at the intermediate level. Their age ranged from 15 to 30. The participants were randomly assigned to three equal groups (i.e., one control group and two experimental groups). The instruments and materials used in this study were oxford quick placement test (OQPT), the DIALANG writing test, WhatsApp, Google Docs, and the interview. To measure the participants’ general English proficiency level before the experiment, the participants took the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT). The quantitative data were analyzed using using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normal, descriptive statistics, paired-sampled T-tests, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests. For the qualitative data analysis, the answers to the interview questions were coded and analyzed using a typology of mediation. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among the groups which implies that mobile-based dynamic assessment can enhance the writing proficiency among the language learners. In other words, both T and V groups in intermediate level had a significant progress in their writing proficiency. In light of the qualitative data, nearly all of the participants supported DA due to its advantageous benefits. They felt that this approach saved them time and increased their confidence and enthusiasm for writing, which is a challenging ability.

The application of Mythology and immortal characters in literature by the authors, poets, and playwrights of Western Classical Literature is quite evident; Characters which are immortalized in the minds and memories, many people worship them for their domination and gallantry, extraordinary creatures who never die, get sick, get injured or grow old; including these eternal characterizations are found in; ‘‘Pandora’’ in ‘‘Hesiod’s Pandora’s box’’, ‘‘Hercules’’ in ‘‘Ovid’s Metamorphoses’’, ‘‘Laius’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex’’, ‘‘Niobe’’ in ‘‘Sophocles’s Antigone’’, ‘‘Sappho’s poem(Leto and Niobe)’’, and ‘‘Aeschylus’s Niobe’’, and finally ‘‘Ulysses’’ in ‘‘Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey’’. In this study, researchers have tried to give, at first, an overview of Mythology and then of the Iliad as the first and the oldest surviving work reflecting Mythology in Western Literature. In other words, an outline of Mythology in the darkest episode of the "Trojan War" has been studied to show the connection between Mythology and Western Literature. This paper has been compiled using the ‘‘content analysis’’ of ‘’Iliad’’ translated by ‘’Richmond Lattimore’’ and through the ‘‘library search’’ with the resources mentioned at the end. The results show that there is a fundamental connection between the creation of myth in the doctrinal views and works of Western Literature. Researchers have tried to examine this connection in the Iliad as a sample of epic and mythological works of Western Literature that is the product of the application of the authors, poets, and playwrights from the realm of Mythology in recreating religious and non-religious convictions mingled with ancient quotations.