درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Persian lexicography in Anatolia or Asia Minor is a part of prominent linguistic activities that began in the sixth and seventh lunar centuries. According to historical documents, during the Ottoman period, the Persian language was profoundly noticed by Turkish people. It was considered one of the three languages (alsane-ye salase) ​​of the world of science (Turkish-Persian-Arabic) in that territory. The evidence of this claim is the large number of literary and educational works written in Persian in that territory. Among these works, dictionaries form a large group of works aimed at teaching the Persian language. Therefore, studying these dictionaries can help linguists find out language learning facts and know the status of the Persian language among the people of this land. In this article, the dictionaries containing the Persian words, either as the source or as the target language were looked for and reviewed. Most of the approximately 150 dictionaries gathered were in the form of manuscripts kept in Turkish and Iranian libraries. Out of this number, about 89% of the works were original contexts, and the rest were documents of previous studies. The results of this research have been presented statistically both in terms of the content regarding the language, form (prose or verse), purpose, and the subject and historical development. According to the findings, most dictionaries belong to the period of pre-Tanzimat, and the number of prose Persian-Turkish dictionaries was the maximum compared to other forms of dictionaries. Also, the maximum number of verse-formed dictionaries, mostly known as Tuhfe, was written during this period.

Avec sa triple centaine de langues, le Cameroun apparaît comme étant un pays au contexte sociolinguistique hyper-complexe. Dans un tel contexte, les contacts entre les individus ne peuvent qu’engendrer l’appropriation des langues utilisées dans les interactions. Et dès lors, l’hétérogénéité s’installe, avec en prime les variétés de langues qui leur confèrent de nouvelles idiosyncrasies. Un recours à la sociolinguistique variationniste et celle développementale permet de comprendre que ces entreprises sont en général l’apanage des jeunes, qui de fait créent un écart avec les autres générations, entravant ainsi progressivement la communication qui assure pourtant le passage du témoin d’une génération à l’autre. Le but de la présente contribution est de tenter de cerner les caractéristiques définitoires de l’intercompréhension et de la variation intergénérationnelle, ainsi que leurs applications dans le contexte camerounais actuel. Il est en outre question d’analyser les paramètres qui impactent les variations qui naissent, ainsi que les façons dont elles sont accueillies et les opinions communes que les groupes cibles font d’elles et de leurs locuteurs respectifs. La fin du travail est consacrée aux préconisations qui pourraient dépolluer l’atmosphère et permettre un vécu ou une gestion plus réussie des variations en contexte Camerounais. 

World literature investigates literary works that circulate beyond their cultures and demonstrates what like-but-unlike is. It considers a certain motif and sees how it represents its cultural aspects. . The Jungian archetype of the bird is the common thread that has been analyzed in this comparative study. Bird’s flight sheds light on metaphysical ascendance and transcendence. Moreover, the bird archetype conveys meanings associated with death, rebirth, awareness, consciousness, enlightenment, and wisdom. This article compares the archetype of birds in the poetry of Attar’s The Conference of the Birds (1177), Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1992), and Agbemabiese’s “ Sankofa” (2008). The reason for such a choice is that, although they belong to different ages and literary heritages, all three portray a journey toward an individual’s Self-perfection.  These poets utilize the bird archetype to manifest how Simurgh , Albatross, and Sankofa, reveal their archetypal meanings in Persian, English, and African cultures. By a comparative method based on Jung’s archetypal “process of individuation”, the bird is a uniting archetype, that represents the “Self” in Jung’s terminology. Binding the poetry of these nations demonstrates that through a self-realization journey, the individual can achieve perfection or become one with the whole.