درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Studies show that apelin vasodilator peptide plays an important role in vascular tone and cardiovascular function, but the effect of resistance training and comparison of resistance and endurance training on plasma apelin has not been well documented. Aim : The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of resistance and endurance exercise programs on levels of plasma apelin and blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women Material and Methods: The present study was 24 postmenopausal women obese (age: 55.5 ± 5.63 y, height: 154.31 ± 4.69 cm, weight: 72.65 ± 11. 44 kg, and BMI: 30.62 ± 3.63) were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people (endurance and resistance) groups (resistance training with 60 to 80% 1RM, and endurance training with 55 to 70% of heart rate Karvonen). Apelin plasma levels and blood pressure 24 h before and 48 h after the end of the program were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. The significance level was P< 0.05. Results: The results showed that changes in intragroup and intergroup blood pressure decreased significantly and plasma apelin increased in both groups, but this increase was not significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Following eight- week resistance training and endurance training reduces blood pressure in postmenopausal obese women and were significantly associated with increased plasma Apelin but not as significant.

Background: Sports Investments is one of the most unique sports events, in the country dealing both with collectors and dealers. Aim : The purpose of this study was to compare the sports investment o Iran in 2016 and 1998. Therefore, we estimate the value of the sports investment sector and share of total investment, GDP, GDSP and compare with 1998 in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, national accounts were used. Most of the basic data fare available in a decentralized manner in the Statistics Center and the Program and Budget Organization of Iran. Due to achieving real changes in sports investment between 1998 and 2016, prices in 1998 was considered as the base year and were considered. Then using the price index of the desired years, the effects of inflation were eliminated and growth real was calculated. Results: The results indicate that investment in sport in 1998 was 360 billion Rials, which is 0.43% of total investment, 0.1% GDP, and 26.2% of GDSP. Also, investment in sport in 2016 was 15449 billion Rials, which is 0.46% of total investment, 0.11% GDP and, 73.38% of GDSP. Investment in sport in 2016 compared to 1998 had 2347% real growth. Conclusion : Although, investment in sport in 2016 compared to 1998 has grown, but it is very small compared to the total investments. Results also show the major share of the public sector and the low participation of the private sector.

Introduction : Sleep deprivation is one of common phenomena in athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athletic students. Methods: The study population included all undergraduate female students of Sport Sciences at Imam Khomeini International University (age: 22.2± 2.16 years, BMI: 230.15±2.59 kg/m<sup>2 ) of whom 8 volunteered took part in the research. All experiments were performed in laboratory of university in 2020. Subjects were classified into four groups: Control, Sleep deprivation, Arginine and Arginine-sleep deprivation. Lactometer was used to measure blood lactate. Best Balance device was used to measure balance and GAS Analyzer was used to measure metabolism. Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Sleep deprivation significantly decreased static balance ( P =0.01) and dynamic balance ( P = 0.004) while arginine consumption resulted in improved static balance in sleep deprivation arginine group ( P =0.03). It was also shown that lactic acid levels were lower in the two groups that took arginine than in the groups that did not take arginine ( P ≤0.05). Conclusion: Arginine consumption can improve static and dynamic balance as well as mitigate side effects of sleep deprivation on static balance.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) reduces the senses, proprioception, reflexes, and strength in the lower extremities and leads to balance dysfunction. Aim : This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions used by researchers and therapists to minimize balance dysfunction in people with DPN. Materials and Methods: This study is a comprehensive review of exercise interventions on the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy by searching in the PubMed Elsevier, Springer, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases with the combined keywords “balance”, “diabetic peripheral neuropathy”, “training interventions”, “proprioception”, “risk of diabetic fall”, “peripheral neuropathy” and also in Persian databases of Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center, MedLib (Comprehensive Database of Medical Articles), IranMedex, Iran Institute of Information Science and Technology Research Institute (IRANDOC), Iranian Publications Database (MAGIRAN) and with keywords “fall risk”, “profundity” and “postural control in diabetic neuropathic patients” from 2010 to 2021. After collecting the search results, first the title and then the summary of the pieces were studied. If the articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results would be used in the review study and otherwise discarded. Results: Twenty-five studies published between 2010 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that training interventions were more effective than control conditions to improve the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Also, the most training programs and rehabilitation protocols have a positive effect on the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Conclusion: The studied exercise interventions are an effective tool to improve the balance of diabetic neuropathy patients. However, given the small number of studies and their limitations, the present findings of this study should be considered.