درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science and his political philosophy in Latin America have depended heavily on the translation of his major works originally published in German and English. Thus, for example, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, which was originally published in 1959, was translated into Spanish in 1962 and into Portuguese only in 1974. Similarly, The Open Society and Its Enemies, originally published in 1945, was translated into Spanish twelve years later in 1957 and into Portuguese in 1974. But apart from a discussion of the impact of the translations of his books, I also want to show that the political situation in some Latin American countries, for example, Chile, Cuba and Peru, has played a very important role in the introduction, reception and influence of Popper’s philosophy of science in general and his social and political thought in particular. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to examine the reception of Popper’s ideas in Latin America and give an account of his influence and legacy in some of the Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.

Purpose: The compliance ethical characteristics plays an important role in urban management, and accordingly, the purpose of this study was identifying the effective ethical codes on urban management with a meta synthesis method. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The field of research was all articles of effective ethical codes on urban management in 2012 to 2022 years, which number of 26 articles from 311 articles based on the inclusion criteria were selected with purposive sampling method. The data were collected by taking notes from the articles and analyzed with content analysis method based on meta synthesis approach of Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step. Findings: The findings showed that were identified 94 concepts in 16 components and 6 categories for effective ethical codes on urban management. The categories were include urban management ethics codes (with 4 components of individual codes of ethics of employees, ethical codes of managers, ethical codes between employees and ethical codes of organizations with people), procedures of the organization (with 2 components of problem definition and stakeholders), content factors of the organization (with 3 components of environmental factors, organizational factors and fundamental factors), structural strategy (with 2 components of informing and training and correction and improvement of functions), content implementation levels (with 3 components of ethical system leveling, identification of values in the organization and mechanisms of moral strengthening) and implementation consequences of ethical codes (with 2 components of intra-organizational consequences and extra-organizational consequences). Finally, the pattern of effective ethical codes on urban management was drawn. Conclusion: The pattern of effective ethical codes on urban management can help specialists and planners in improving the situation of urban management.