درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Protection of the children is one of the most important concerns in international human rights law. Child marriage is recognized as one of the forms of child abuse. The first step for elimination of child marriage is legal definition of the child. Lots of treaties have tried to determine the minimum age of a person before which he or she cannot marry. This article examines the criteria for recognizing an individual as a child and consequently child marriage in the international human rights system and domestic laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Treaties relating rights of the child do not clarify a specified minimum age for marriage except the Convention on the Rights of the Child in which a child is defined as a person below the age of 18. This criterion is based on an age-oriented approach and is aimed at homogenization of girls and boys. In contrast, in the law of Iran it is based on an interest-oriented one and it is relied on a multiple-criteria approach comprised of legal (physical or sexual) maturity, mental growth, religious maturity and guardian consent which has resulted in a more rational and defensible approach.

Today, many consumers advocate green products to reduce the effect of their consumption practices on the environment For this reason, companies have tried to produce green products, but many of the actions of companies in the field of green product production are misleading and deceptive, which is called greenwashing. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of understanding greenwashing, attitudes, and beliefs on green purchase intention among environmentalists. The population included the environmentalists in Kerman, to whom a standard electronic questionnaire was sent for data collection. Finally, 384 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The findings indicated that the understanding of greenwashing has a positive effect on the confusion of green consumption and an increase in perceived risk. However, it can reduce the perceived benefit, satisfaction, and loyalty. In addition, the attitude and beliefs of the environmentalists have a positive effect on the perceived benefit, satisfaction, and loyalty. If environmentalists have a positive attitude toward green products, there will be less confusion about consuming green products.

The current study was an effort to investigate the role of participatory structure and output modality in enhancing Iranian EFL learners’ speaking, and examine their perceptions toward participating in speaking activities. The population of this study included all female EFL learners (90 language learners of English) at intermediate level studying at Avayeh Daneshvaran Language Institute in Tabriz and the sampling procedure was convenience sampling. From among these language learners, 63 learners, in four intact classes, were selected as the sample group after conducting a sample of the PET. The instruments that were used in this study included two samples of the English language proficiency test of PET, the speaking section of which was conducted as the pre-test and posttest of the study, and an open-ended questionnaire. The data which were collected were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and two-way ANCOVA. The researchers analyzed the responses of the intended participants to the open-ended questionnaire qualitatively. The findings revealed that output modality was effective in improving speaking skill and that participatory structure and the interaction of these two had no significant effect on this skill. Regarding the qualitative section, the findings presented that the participants had optimistic attitude toward the use of podcasts and summary telling and writing in improving their speaking. The findings of the present study are valuable for teachers, English language learners, teacher educators, curriculum designers and researchers.

Reza Shah's government can also be considered a government based on an ideology. This ideology has different components and at the same time, based on it, various institutions were created during Pahlavi's rule. Accurate knowledge of the Pahlavi government, especially in the era of Reza Shah, is obtained with a correct understanding of this ideology. Therefore, the state of the Pahlavi government is "linked" to this ideology in a very fundamental way. Looking at its situation, the three most important elements in it were considered the main ideological components of the government, which are: "authoritarianism", "monopolism" and "personalization of power". Of course, nationalism and antiquarianism can also be added to these. In this research, the focus is on the political components of the government's ideology. In sum, according to these three components, the ideological characteristic of Reza Shah's government can be considered as "concentration of exclusive personal power". In the meantime, the military institutions, which Reza Shah had placed the main support of his power on, played a very important role in the continuation of the government and the implementation of its ideology. The "police" was one of the most important of these institutions, which was completely at the service of the "person" of Reza Shah, and before and after he reached the throne, he fulfilled his wishes completely. This article seeks to understand the "problem" of the "police" in the ideology of the government with a descriptive and analytical method. And at the same time, its most important findings are that the "police" based on the principle of "concentration of exclusive personal power", was one of the main tools for creating order and suppressing Reza Shah's opponents. The most important result of this research is that the police played a role in establishing the "concentration of exclusive personal power" mostly by "suppressing and censoring the press", "dominating the elections and parliament" and "suppressing the opponents of the king". And this act was exactly based on the ideology of Reza Shah's government.

Le récit sur la migration, le lieu du surgissement d'altérité, ouvre le terrain à une série d'interrogations : interroger la place de l'étranger dans la société du pays d'accueil, étudier l'immigré en lien avec sa société d'origine pour saisir le sens de son parcours. Le Bonheur (2007) d'Emmanuel Darley est un bon exemple à ce propos. Au fait, située à la frontière entre la fiction et la non fiction, à travers une structure polyphonique tout en faisant entendre plusieurs voix, sans qu'aucune soit dominante, permet le dialogue de différents points de vue concernant ce phénomène actuel ; la migration. En analysant le discours des personnages, nous visons le dialogisme des valeurs transmises par différentes instances. Ce travail sera ainsi basé sur l'analyse du discours selon les travaux de Dominique Maingueneau et le principe du dialogisme. selon Maingueneau (1995) l'analyse du discours vise à rapporter les textes, à travers leurs dispositifs d'énonciation, aux lieux sociaux qui les rendent possibles et qu'ils rendent possibles.