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La notion de l’identité est depuis longtemps un sujet de réflexion riche et fructueux en philosophie et en sciences sociales. A l’époque contemporaine, vu des mouvements et changements sociaux, des immigrations, du progrès de la technologie qui impacte la vie de l’être humain dans tous ses aspects, et vu de l'émergence de plusieurs ouvrages littéraires traitant ces sujets, cette notion est portée à l’attention dans le domaine littéraire. La présente recherche se propose d’analyser la notion de l’identité psychosociale dans le roman En famille de Marie NDiaye. Lauréate des grands prix littéraires tels que Fémina et Goncourt, Marie NDiaye traite des thèmes contemporains dans ses œuvres. Grâce à son pouvoir artistique, elle invente des personnages qui partent en quête de leur identité familiale et sociale. Dans son univers romanesque, la question de l’identité reste toujours en débat. Dans cet article, nous allons, d’abord, dégager les réflexions théoriques chez Alex Mucchielli qui cherche à esquisser un cadre théorique à la notion de l’identité dans le domaine psychologique et sociologique. Puis, nous nous pencherons sur les idées de George Herbert Mead concernant ce concept. Ensuite, pour effectuer notre analyse en profondeur, nous allons étudier le rôle du passé et des souvenirs dans la fabrication de l’identité des personnages en nous appuyant sur les orientations théoriques autour du temps chez Paul Ricoeur.

The COVID-19 pandemic made the fight against “leaving nobody behind” even more difficult, by exacerbating existing inequities and discrimination. Discrimination and inequality have no geographical bounds; they exist in varied forms in different social contexts. The widening inequality gaps caused by COVID-19 have severe ramifications for fundamental human rights, including the right to life and, most significantly, access to healthcare, education, and employment. The impacts of these inequities are already noticeable and continue to unfold in the near future. The “Coronavirus stigma,” which is based on racial, religious, and gender grounds, has also been fueled by fear and uncertainty about the pandemic. This has exposed, in particular, the vulnerability of those living in precarious situations and marginalised groups, such as individuals with disabilities, women, children, refugees, and migrants. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyse the profound consequences of these problems, propose essential steps for combatting inequality in a novel way, and recommend strategies to lessen the effects of inequality and discrimination in the post-pandemic era.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiome composition, athletic performance, and post-exercise recovery in endurance athletes following probiotic supplementation.  Method: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 40 male endurance runners (age: 28.3 ± 5.2 years) were randomly assigned to either a probiotic (n=20) or placebo (n=20) group for 8 weeks. The probiotic group received a daily supplement containing a blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus plantarum (20 billion CFU total). Fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Athletic performance was assessed through VO2max testing and time to exhaustion. Recovery was evaluated by measuring delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Results: The probiotic group showed a significant increase in gut microbial diversity (Shannon index: p<0.01) and relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (p<0.001). Significant improvements were observed in VO2max (4.7%, p<0.05) and time to exhaustion (7.2%, p<0.01) in the probiotic group compared to placebo. The probiotic group also demonstrated reduced DOMS (23%, p<0.05) and lower peak CK levels (18%, p<0.01) relative to the placebo group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium abundances were significant predictors of performance improvement (R² = 0.68, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that gut microbiome modulation through probiotic supplementation can enhance athletic performance and accelerate post-exercise recovery in endurance runners. These findings suggest that targeted manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a novel strategy for improving sports performance and recovery.