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Purpose- To examine the architectural and economic strategies of rural business spaces from the perspective of experts. Design/methodology/approach- In synthesis of literature review, after reviewing 47 articles found, the relationships between variables in first relation between R.B.S & R.B.A: The components were extracted & converted to 8 components based on the Roberts synthesis method. But since the main unknown of the research was Architecture & speciology of the building, according to the gaps extracted 8 types of architecture were compiled & the axial coding & 8 research content was extracted from it. Then the content-target-table was generated.  In the current step, since theoretical foundations were insufficient, a combined research method was used & the Delphi research method was used in this phase of research. The study community had 41 elite subjects (rural-urban-architectural-entrepreneurial). To analyze the data collected based on the Q factor analysis extracted results & ultimately the most influential factors on the RBS & RBP from each of the specified spatial attributes. The results of the study indicate that in total, 3 categories are emphasized, 5 categories in the 2nd priority, 3 categories are not generally approved by this community, but in some factors it is emphasized. Findings- In response to the research question of what the classification and perspective of the community of experts are on the architectural strategies of rural business spaces, there are 7 views in this regard: Requirements for multi-purpose spaces (second activity): separate, isolated, sanitary, and Indigenous (12.67%); Second activity in the form of multi-purpose buildings or increasing the area for the construction of a sales place in rural buildings (11.49%); The sales Place is equipped with isolation (10.07%); Sanitary and isolated interior architecture (cultivation space) (8.06%); Indigenous model of Health and isolation (7.85%); Reconstruction of old buildings by equipping, and separating and increasing the business area (7.68%)  and etc. Reseach limitation/implications- Interdisciplinary and lack of coherent studies and literature on Rural Business Architecture (R B A) and multi-purpose & hybrid building and architecpreneure (architecture + entrepreneurship). Originality/value– Research started with the hypothesis of multifunctionalization of production spaces, but ultimately concepts such as health & reducing the penetration of the second activity pest were given priority over multifunctioning & combining activities. There for the priority of health concepts & sales & second activity is the innovation of this research.

Purpose- The model of sustainable human development goes beyond sustainable development and has been adopted as the global development charter for the twenty-first century. Development should consider the needs of the current generation in addition to being sustainable. The impact of empowering members of society, particularly educated youth, can be significant. Skills-oriented and applied scientific training deals with aspects of human resource capabilities that are developed based on knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The implementation of applied scientific education in a way that is useful in the direction of economic development is critical. Assessing the need of society for a type of education that can be useful is important, but so is the method of providing that education.  Design/methodology/approach- One of the research's key questions is whether graduates of applied scientific education were successful in achieving their goals of economic development and job acquisition. The students at the Applied Science University are the focus of this research. The challenges of a lack of suitable businesses, as well as the existence of skill training centers that operate in the three sectors of agriculture, services, and industry, are the reasons for choosing this province. They can help the people. A questionnaire-based survey is the research method used in this study. Students from scientific research centers and theoretical foundations were asked to answer questions on a questionnaire designed to achieve the research objectives. Finding- According to the surveys conducted, only 3.24% believe that the current skill education system is adjusted and designed with the characteristics of the rural community, as well as improving skills and improving social life conditions, respectively 4.04 and 3.99% of the most important motivations for studying in applied scientific universities based on the results of the analysis were based on the information collected from supplementary questionnaires. In addition to that, the examination of the efficiency and performance of the skill training system in different dimensions (curriculum and content, facilities and equipment) shows that "attachment and sense of belonging", "strengthening of urban behavior" and "desire of young people to transform from village to city" are three It is a case where the respondents believe that applied science education contributed to their improvement.

Purpose-Various factors influence changes in rural lifestyles, with one of the most important being rural-urban linkages. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of rural-urban linkages in changing the lifestyle of rural households across three dimensions: social, economic, and cultural. Design/methodology/approach- The research method is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was conducted through library research for theoretical studies and via questionnaires for the field study. The statistical population includes the villages of the Lasht Nesha district in Rasht County. A sample of 360 respondents was selected using Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method. Data were analyzed using linear regression and multivariate regression tests. Finding- The research findings regarding the linear relationship between rural-urban linkages and changes in rural household lifestyles revealed a significant relationship between these two variables. Additionally, the results showed that the most significant impacts of rural-urban linkages were in the cultural, social, and economic dimensions, respectively. Specifically, in the cultural dimension, consumerism and cultural and linguistic changes were most prominent; in the social dimension, changes in clothing and behavior; and in the economic dimension, materialism, wealth accumulation, and income generation experienced the greatest changes.

Purpose- This study examined the effects of non-revenue water (NRW) on organisation running costs and customer satisfaction. The intention was to describe the NRW's effects on the MUWASA's performance as a case study. Specifically, it identified factors prompting non-revenue water; described the NRW effects on organisation running costs; and examined the level of customer satisfaction towards service provision.Design/methodology/approach- A purposive sampling technique was used to pick respondents for the household survey and key informant interview. The study included 100 respondents (70 connected customers and 30 employees of the authority). MUWASA serves 5 zones of the municipality; therefore, the study obtained 70 connected customers from the five zones of the authority. The household survey and the key informant interviews (KII) were the main data collection methods, the survey technique was used to collect data from 100 respondents and seven were involved in key informant interviews.  Descriptive and inferential statistics and content analysis were used in data analysis.Findings- The findings have indicated that NRW affects the water utility revenue collection, and organisation running costs, which jeopardizes customer satisfaction with the organizational service delivery. Originality/value- Based on the National Water Policy of 2002 which aims at achieving sustainable, effective, and efficient development and management of Water Supply and Sanitation one of its objectives is to create an enabling environment and appropriate incentives for the delivery of reliable, sustainable, and affordable water supply and sanitation services. Therefore, the findings of this study are a catalyst for the improvement of the set policy objectives and enhance interventions where necessary.

Purpose: Despite much evidence on consumers' behaviors and veterinarians' perspectives against Covid-19, nor have the past inquiries surveyed ranchers and livestock breeders' hygiene behaviors against Covid-19, serving as the main actors in the supply chain of livestock-product. Therefore, this study intends to be notified of the hygiene behaviors of ranchers and sheep farmers to curtail the spread of Covid-19.Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the theory of planned behavior and health belief model, this study contributes to predicting sheep farmers' behaviors in Maragheh County, northwestern Iran (2021-2022). Based on the quantitative paradigm and non-experimental research design, the study benefits from the cross-sectional survey to gather the data of 207 sheep farmers using questionnaire. To analyze the data, linear regression model (LRM), analysis of variance, and univariate GLM were used.Findings: Using the Univariate General Linear Modeling (UGLM), it was found that subjective norms (SNs) ( ) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) ( ) have a significant influence on behavior, further, these factors have different variate values at three levels of production unit type, inclusive of mechanized (n = 27), semi-mechanized (n = 47), and traditional (n = 133), most value of SNs and PBC falls under the category of traditional production units. The interaction of the SNs variable (SNs × Production Unit) with the levels of the production unit is statistically significant (F = 1.87, p < 0.05; ).Original/Value: This study fulfilled the knowledge gap of the factors that contribute to forecasting hygiene behaviors of sheep farmers against Covid-19. The agenda of recommendations would have impacts on health and wellbeing of not just sheep farmers but also public people by promoting the preventive behaviors of ranchers and sheep farmers against the spread of Covid-19.