درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

ESL students who write in English may present written material in a rhetorical and organizational mode that reflects the pattern which is valued in their native culture and rhetoric. Considering the violation of English code of writing in the writings of Iranian students, we will notice one common characteristic: They are reluctant (or ignorant of) to write a unified paragraph. Their writing consists of one whole page or two. They do not divide their writing into separate paragraphs. The knowledge of the writer on any subject begins and ends as much as the time or space for writing allows with no paragraph separation. The length of sentences is extraordinary, and the position of modifiers does not seem natural according to the code of English sentence pattern. This means that elements transferred from L1 rhetoric result in a production which does not match the English language style and rhetoric, despite the fact that some students lack grammatical competence. As a result, this type of writing is labeled unacceptable, vague or erroneous by English language standards. The focus of this study is to use English major students' writings to identify the elements which violate English language pattern of writing. The sources of errors responsible for non-English language rhetoric will be classified after a short theoretical review in the literature and finally suggestions for the elimination of errors will be presented.

"روشهای اموزش زبانهای خارجی با در نظر گرفتن دست آوردهای اخیر زبانشناسی متحول شده است. به جرات می توان اظهار کرد یادگیری زبان فرانسه با دستور آن ارتباط مستقیم دارد زیرا آموزش زبان گقتاری به بزرگسالان در محیط آکادمیک با استفاده از دستور آسان تر صورت می گیرد. آموزش دستور در زبان فرانسه سابقه دیرینه دارد و تدوین کنندگان روشهای آموزش زبان نمی توانند به سادگی از آن صرف نظر کنند. دانشجویان ایرانی زبان خارجی (انگلیسی) را به صورت مستقیم با استفاده از دستور فرا گرفته اند و عادت به بیان قوائد دستوری دارند در نتیجه نادیده گرفتن آن در آموزش دشوار خواهد بود. آموزش زبان نوشتاری به دلیل ماهیت دستوری آن و تفاوت فاحش نوشتاری و گفتاری دز فرانسه استفاده از قوائد دستوری را جهت یادگیری نوشتار الزام آور می کند. مقاله حاضر «آموزش دستور زبان فرانسه به غیر فرانسه زبانان» بر آنست دستورهای نوین را مورد برسی قرار دهد تا مدرسین آموزش زبان با توجه به ویژگی های فردی زبان آموز از تدریس آن صرف نظر کرده یا آموزش مدون را جایگزین آن نمایند.

University students in Iran need English to reinforce their specialist knowledge in order to meet their academic needs and not to be isolated from technological advances. The architecture students at the university level in Iran are no exception. Bearing this in mind, the present research intends to address itself to the following questions: 1) what are the problems in materials design in ESP courses in general and architecture students in particular? And 2) what are possible solutions to the problems identified? In an effort to pave the road for preparing a textbook for architecture students in Iran, we have analyzed the textbook presently used by architecture students at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. To do this, we prepared two questionnaires to be answered by both the students and teachers about the content of the textbook under discussion. On the basis of their responses and also the researchers' comments on the issue, we have tried to discuss the shortcomings therein, and to give possible solutions.

The research reported here examined the relative effectiveness of semantic mapping, as an interactive pre-reading strategy, on reading comprehension of Iranian undergraduate students (non-EFL majors). It also examined whether there was an interaction between gender and the effect of teaching semantic mapping strategy on reading comprehension. The participants in this study consisted of 120 male and female pre-intermediate undergraduate students taking a General English course at UrmiaUniversity in Spring 2008. A Certificate of Advanced English Reading Paper (CAE) was administered to measure the students’ proficiency at the beginning of the research. Later, the participants were semi-randomly (Mackey and Gass, 2005) assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was instructed on how toemploy semantic mapping strategy in reading while the control group received normal reading instruction. The post-test results supported the findings of earlier research that instruction on the application of semantic mapping contributed to reading comprehension. Further findings and implications are discussed in the paper.

"وبلاگ، پدیده عصر اینترنت، در ابتدا برای انتشار اطلاعات گوناگون، خاطرات روزانه شخصی و پیوندهایی به سایتها و وبلاگهای دیگر به وجود آمد. آما، پس از چندی، دست اندرکاران آموزش متوجه خواص قابل توجه ان به عنوان ابزاری مفید برای استفاده در کلاس شدند. به طور خاص و در چهارچوب فرایند آموزش و یادگیری زبان، وبلاگ این امکان را به معلم زبان میدهد تا خارج از ساعات کلاس با زبان آموزان در ارتباط باشد و برخی از فعالیتهای اموزشی را در قالب متن، فایل صوتی یا ویدیو ارایه دهد. این مقاله پژوهشی است در زمینه استفاده آموزشی از وبلاگ در کلاس زبان فرانسه که نویسنده از سال 1383 در کلاسهای خود در دو دانشگاه شهر تهران به کار برده است. نظر خواهی انجام شده از تعدادی از دانشجویان این کلاسها نشان میدهد که وبلاگ ابزاری مناسب برای آموزش و یادگیری زبان است.

The expression of doubt and certainty is crucial in academic writing where the authors have to distinguish opinion from fact and evaluate their assertions in acceptable and persuasive ways. Hedges and boosters are two strategies used for this purpose. Despite their importance in academic writing, we know little about how they are used in different disciplines and genres and how foreign language writers present assertions in their writing. This study explores the use of hedges and boosters in the research articles of two disciplines of Electrical Engineering and Applied Linguistics. It further examines the use of hedges and boosters by native and non-native writers of English in these research articles. Based on a corpus of twenty research articles, the overall rhetorical and categorical distribution of hedges and boosters were calculated across four rhetorical sections (Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion) of the research articles. The analysis shows that the overall distribution of hedges and boosters in Applied Linguistics articles is higher than Electrical Engineering articles. Moreover, there are significant differences between native and non-native writers in the use of hedges and boosters. These findings may have some implications for the teaching of academic writing especially to EFL learners.