درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study examined the correlation between economic growth and the impact on the environment, specifically focusing on the concept of environmental sustainability. The World Bank's Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) data is utilized in this study to gauge the strain on the environment, specifically through the measurement of natural disinvestment. This measurement encompasses the cumulative effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) damage, as well as depletions in minerals, energy, and forest resources. This study uses panel data with respect to the endogeneity of explanatory variables to estimate the real effect of per capita income and the other variables on environmental pressure. In this regard, employing the panel Fixed-Effects Instrumental Variable (IV) methodology, the data from 213 countries have been used in the period from 1990 to 2018. Through regression analysis, it has been discovered that there is a direct correlation between income and the impact on the environment in developing nations. However, this relationship is notably more pronounced in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. Additionally, the study reveals that trade expansion contributes to an increase in environmental pressure across all groups of countries. An increase in the school enrolment rate can affect the environment in developed and high-income developing countries. Moreover, the variable effect of capital openness on environmental pressure was estimated to be positive for developed and high-income countries. However, this effect was found to be negative for low-income countries. Finally, the result showed that developing countries should improve their legal structure and also reduce the bureaucracy and complexity of the laws.

Protecting the interests of shareholders is considered one of the main pillars of any capital market, which, while increasing the level of financial transparency, prevents the loss of their interests to those in power in companies. Consistency of laws and regulations on the one hand and the effectiveness of the corporate governance system in supervising the financial and legal operations of the company is considered important factor in respecting contracts and supporting the investments of minority and majority shareholders of companies, which makes investors confident in protecting their investments. Governance structural keywords in the corporate governance system can lead to Investor Protection by arranging effective board oversight mechanisms and motivating investors to have confidence in the structures of capital market companies. The purpose of this study is to interpret Investor Protection under the existence of a Governance Civilization based on interpretive prioritization analysis. In this study, theoretical screening based on similar studies was used to identify the components (Investor Protection) and research propositions (themes of corporate governance civilization). Then, in order to determine the reliability of research components and propositions through the participation of 14 experts and experts in the field of accounting and financial management, Delphi analysis was used. In the quantitative part, the components and propositions identified in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by interpretive analysis by 20 managers of the top 50 companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2009. The results showed that the proposition of sociocracy is considered the most influential theme of corporate governance civilization in capital market companies, which strengthens the effectiveness of internal control as a component of protecting the interests of shareholders. This result shows that the theme of sociocracy enables corporate governance mechanisms by promoting the level of sharing and participatory discourses to increase the effectiveness of board oversight, strengthen the weaknesses of internal controls to enhance the effectiveness of control over financial performance, and enrich the capacity to build trust and confidence in the performance of companies.