درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی: اصول، برنامه ریزی، عملکرد لیلا اکبرپور دانشگاه شیراز رحمان صحراگرد دانشگاه شیراز پژوهش حاضر که بخشی از رساله دکتری نویسنده اول می باشد شرح تدوین یک کورس خواندن و درک مفاهیم بر اساس اصول تعلیم و تربیت انتفادی و تاثیر آن کورس بر دانش خواندن فراگیران زبان انگلیسی، انگیزش آن ها برای خواندن متون انگلیسی، چگونگی نگرش دموکراتیک آن ها به کلاس های درس انگلیسی و نیز نگرش آن ها نسبت به کورس پیشنهادی می باشد. در واقع، تحقیق حاضر گامی به سوی بررسی نتایج بر گرفته از مراحل نخستین رساله دکتری ذکر شده است که هدفش تدوین الگویی برای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در ایران بر اساس تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی می باشد. شرکت کنندگان در این پژوهش 61 تن از دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز (در دو گروه) بودند. 31 نفر از شرکت کنندگان که گروه گواه را تشکیل می دادند بر اساس روش های معمول که در ایران برای آموزش خواندن به کار گرفته می شود و 30 تن دیگر که گروه آزمایشی را تشکیل می دادند بر اساس کورس انتقادی آموزش دیدند. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها بر اساس پیش آزمون و پس آزمون خواندن و درک مفاهیم، پرسشنامه انگیزش، پرسشنامه نگرش دموکراتیک و نیزنتایج تحلیل کیفی مصاحبه ها نشان داد که علی رغم مشکلاتی که حین انجام پژوهش در گروه آزمایشی وجود داشت، کورس پیشنهادی بر دانش خواندن شرکت کنندگان، نگرش دموکراتیک آن ها به دروس زبان انگلیسی و ایجاد انگیزه درآنان برای خواندن متون انگلیسی تاثیری مثبت نشان داد. نگرش شرکت کنندگان نسبت به کورس پیشنهادی نیز در قالب چهار تم که از نتایج تحلیل داده های کیفی پدید آمد بررسی شده و گزارش گردید. پیام اصلی این پژوهش کار آمدی اصول تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در ایران است که برخی پژوهشگران آن ها را در شرایط فعلی غیر کارآمد دانسته اند.

Following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) classification, this study examines the relationship between power and gender of the addressees and the type and number of refusal strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch male university students (SBMUS). Fifty SBMUS studying in Azad University of Sarawan were randomly chosen as the participants of the study. Data collection was accomplished through applying a revised version of DCT (Discourse Completion Test). The data collected were then coded and analyzed according to Beebe et al.'s (ibid.) taxonomy, and Chi-square and Correlation test results. The results show that refusal strategies extracted, are, for the most part, similar to those given in Beebe et al.’s work, which, in turn, confirms the universality of applying refusal strategies. However, SBMUS also employ some new strategies not predicted in the given scheme, suggesting the effect of their religion and culture. Research findings also denote the ineffectiveness of power and gender of the addressees on the type of refusal strategies employed by SBMUS. Moreover, results indicate that although power of the addressees affects number of refusal strategies used by the participants, their gender does not affect this variable. “Excuse, reason, explanation” dealing with all the addressees, the combination of 3 refusal strategies in reply to those in higher social power, and the combination of 2 strategies in response to those with equal and lower power are the most frequent refusal strategies regarding the type and number of refusal strategies.

This study tried to find out what factors underline the characteristics of acquisition of English language in EFL classrooms. To this end, the Characteristics of English Language Acquisition Scale (ELAS) consisting of 41 items was designed by the researchers of this study and administered to 388 pre University Iranian EFL students at various private and public schools in Neyshabour and Zebarkhan. Factor analysis was run to determine the number of factors underlying the scale. The application of Principle Axis Factoring and rotating the extracted factors showed that the characteristics loaded acceptably on twelve factors underlying the learners’ EFL acquisition, i.e., learning boosters, facilitation, determination, voluntary, teaching methodology, affective factors, attitudes toward foreign speakers and their culture, learner engagement, adjustment, enhancement, teachers' output and individual differences. The results are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.

هدف از تحقیق حاضر مقایسه فراوانی وقوع بخشهای متوجه به شکل زبان در مکالمات گروه های دو نفره متشابه و نا متشابه بود. این مطالعه با شرکت شصت نفر از دانشجویان رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی که بر اساس نمراتشان در یک آزمون بسندگی استاندارد به دو گروه تقسیم شدند صورت گرفت. در یگ گروه، گروه های دونفره متشابه و در گروه دیگر گروه های دونفره نامتشابه تشکیل شدند. زبان آموزان در هر دو گروه مکالماتی در طی نه فعالیت نوشتاری مشارکتی انجام دادند که مکالمات ضبط و نگشاته شدند. میزان فراوانی وقوع بخشهای متوجه به شکل زبان، در مکالمات ضبط شده از گروه ها، شمارش و با روش آماری آزمون تی گروه های مستقل مقایسه گردید. نتایج تحلیل های آماری نشان دادند که گروه های دونفره نا متشابه، در مکالمات خود، بطور قابل توجه و معنی داری، از بخشهای متوجه به شکل زبان بیشتری استفاده کرده بودند. نتایج بدست آمده با توجه به نظریه اجنماعی فرهنگی ویگوتسکی مورد بحث قرار گرفته و نهایتا فواید آموزشی متعددی بدست آمد.

This article was written based on the key concept of polysystem theory which, in translating any literary text, emphasizes the transference of the social systems in which a text is embedded. As stated by Tynjanov (1978a), polysystem theory saw translated literature as a system operating in the larger social systems of the target text. Thus, the task of understanding as well as transferring such systems in their translations, which can certainly affect the readers’ adequate understanding of texts, is a challenging job for most of the literary translators. After identifying three main social systems in The Great Gatsby as the corpus which was ranked second in the lists of the 100 Best Novels of the 20th Century, the source and the target texts were studied attentively, to study the way the respective systems were translated by the Iranian literary translators. Therefore, the prominent element of Nord’s textual analysis (1991), macrostructure, was focused throughout data collection procedure. Then, it was demonstrated that especially through an appropriate transference of the major conflict between the two predominant classes in the novel, the translator has managed to suitably convey most of the text’s social systems in his translation. Finally, it could be deduced that most of the literary translators in Iran, somehow transferred the concerned systems into some significantly adequate equivalents in their works.

The present study takes Engeström human activity system model (1987, 1999) as a theoretical framework to investigate the CLT-based English curriculum reform in Iran which was initiated in 2013 by the Ministry of Education in public schools. With the premise that human activity is artifact-mediated and goal-directed, activity theory makes it possible to demonstrate the complex and dynamic relationship between various institutional, social, and individual factors by revealing different contradictions that language teachers would experience as they attempt to implement CLT in their classroom contexts. In addition to 23 language teachers who consisted the main participants of this study, three other groups including 17 teacher directors, 23 students, and 20 parents took part. Document analysis, semi-structured interview, and classroom observation comprised the data collection instruments. The results indicated that despite their optimism about and keen interest in CLT-based reform, Iranian language teachers could not successfully implement CLT due to their inability to successfully resolve the contradictions that emerged in their activity system. These contradictions in turn stemmed from a number of difficulties that emanate from various sources including teachers themselves, students, their parents, school staff, educational system, and the new package. Based on the findings, a number of implications and suggestions are provided for the Iranian curriculum developers, language teachers, parents, and teacher directors