مینو عالمی

مینو عالمی

مطالب

فیلتر های جستجو: فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۱ تا ۲۰ مورد از کل ۲۲ مورد.
۱.

Teacher Corrective Feedback on Learners’ Pragmatic Failure: Types of Feedback in Online Pragmatics Instruction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: pragmatics corrective feedback Speech Acts Request Refusal Online Instruction

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۰ تعداد دانلود : ۶۷
Objective: Research on corrective feedback (CF) in L2 pragmatics instruction, especially in online teaching, is still in its infancy. To address this gap, this study sought to examine the types of CF provided by EFL teachers in online classes in response to the learners’ pragmalinguistically and sociopragmatically inappropriate production of the binary speech acts of request and refusal.Methods: Eighteen hours of online classroom interaction data were analyzed using conversation analysis and a taxonomy that classifies feedback into implicit and explicit input-providing and output-prompting CF.Results: The findings of the study showed that explicit output prompts were largely applied by teachers as the most frequent type of CF. The teachers tended to use prompting questions and metapragmatic clues to help learners better understand request and refusal speech acts, rather than directly offering input or reformulation. In addition, because of the face-threatening nature of speech acts of refusal and request, the teachers applied explicit output prompts as corrective feedback to reinforce the accuracy of learners’ production.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the online mode of instruction can impact the explicitness of pragmatic CF. This research is of great value for teachers to employ both implicit and explicit types of CF to develop learners’ competency in pragmatics in online instruction.
۲.

Non-Native EFL Teacher Educators’ Recruitment and Professional Development: Policies and Strategies of Language Institutes' Managers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Language institute managers Non-native English teacher educators professional development strategies Teacher educator recruitment

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۰
Recruiting efficient EFL teacher educators (TEs) is crucial for language institutes as it can directly affect the quality of language instruction and, consequently the success of language institutes. Nevertheless, language institute policies for employing TEs and strategies for their professional development have not been well-documented. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted in this qualitative study to investigate 30 language institute managers’ recruitment policies and professional development strategies for employing non-native English TEs in the Iranian EFL context. The participants’ answers to interview questions were transcribed and analyzed based on the three levels of the open, axial, and selective coding process. The results revealed that job experience, academic/educational competencies, and digital literacy are the most important features implicating the recruitment of TEs. As for professional development strategies for TEs, the main ones included holding regular meetings for TEs, asking TEs to take part in professionally relevant seminars, workshops, and webinars, and encouraging them to make peer observations of teacher education courses. These findings have implications for language TEs' recruitment and their professional development.
۳.

Teacher Scaffolding in English-Medium Content-Based Instruction: Modes of Classroom Interaction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Scaffolding Classroom Modes Content-Based Instruction (CBI) Science Classes conversation analysis (CA)

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۹ تعداد دانلود : ۶۰
The provision of scaffolding entails contingent assistance given to learners. Despite the proliferation of research on scaffolding, scant attention has been devoted to studying the modes of classroom interaction in fulfilling various scaffolding intentions in content-based instruction (CBI). To narrow the gaps, the present qualitative study embarked on an investigation of science teachers’ scaffolding in four modes proposed by Walsh (2006), namely managerial, classroom context, skills and systems, and materials modes. Four science teachers participated in this qualitative study, and 12 sessions of science classes were observed and analyzed deductively based on four classroom modes through conversation analysis (CA). The content analysis of the videotaped recordings indicated that managerial and materials modes were frequently used to enhance students’ comprehension and develop classroom interaction. The findings evidenced that pedagogical objectives were mostly related to cognitive structuring, contingency management, and direction maintenance requirements. Furthermore, the findings revealed that students’ engagement and involvement through recruiting interest was the only scaffolding intention employed in all four modes to involve students in the learning process. The findings can provide insights to teachers and teacher educators in the realization of distinct scaffolding intentions in various classroom modes by delineating the interrelationship between language use and teaching purpose.  
۴.

English Language Teachers’ Autonomy for Professional Development: A Narrative Account of Self-direction, Capacity, and Freedom(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: English language teachers teacher autonomy professional development self-directed professional development Narrative

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۴۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۱
Despite many studies on the concept of learner autonomy and the relationship between teacher autonomy (TA) and learner autonomy, scant attention has been devoted to TA on its own. To bridge this gap, the present study used narrative accounts to discover language teachers’ autonomy in terms of self-directed professional development (PD), capacity for self-directed PD, and freedom from control over PD. To this end, eight English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers narrated their past stories regarding these three dimensions. The thematic analysis of their narratives showed that their main activities for self-directed PD included peer observation, peer coaching, making use of technology, continuing education, action research, interacting with professionals, and attending workshops. Regarding capacity for their self-directed PD, the teachers claimed they had the capacity and willingness to self-direct their teacher learning. External support, experience, motivational factors, and reading books and articles were instrumental in teachers’ capacity development. Moreover, the findings revealed that although teachers viewed financial problems, conference attendance, lack of time to do PD activities, and rules of the institutes as obstacles to their freedom over PD, they employed strategies to change them into opportunities. The findings suggest implications for teachers and teacher educators to acquaint themselves with different PD strategies and to raise teachers’ awareness about the value of PD, respectively. The findings might bear implications for institute managers as well.
۵.

تأثیرات دوره ضمن خدمت بر تصمیم گیری های آموزشی معلمان زبان انگلیسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: تصمیم گیری آموزش معلمان زبان کاردز معلمان تازه کار زبان انگلیسی فهرست های بررسی مهارت های معلمان

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۱
. اگرچه تعداد مطالعات انجام شده در این زمینه بسیار است، اما مطالعات اندکی در مورد تأثیرات دوره های آموزش ضمن بر (باز)سازی تصمیمات معلمان وجود دارد. برای پاسخ به این خلاء پژوهشی، طی یک مطالعه موردی کیفی چندگانه، تصمیم گیری های آموزشی چهار معلم تازه کار زبان انگلیسی از طریق مشاهدات کلاسی پیش و پس از دوره آموزش معلمان بررسی و برای تحلیل داده ها از تحلیل محتوا بر اساس فهرست های پنج مهارت معلم استرانگ (2007) و تحلیل گفتمان لحظه به لحظه میکروژنتیک استفاده شد. یافته ها حاکی از پنج تغییر شامل تغییر از «استفاده بیش از حد زبان اول به استفاده متناسب از هر دو زبان برای آموزش»، «استفاده از یک روش تدریس به استفاده از رویکردها و راهبردهای مختلف»، «استفاده از روش های سنتی به استفاده از فناوری در تدریس»، «استفاده از فعالیت های جمعی یا انفرادی به استفاده از گروه بندی مختلف در انجام فعالیت ها» و «استفاد از رویکرد سخت گیرانه در تدریس به آموزش با استفاده از بازی ها» در تصمیم گیری معلمان می باشد. با توجه به یافته ها می توان نتیجه گرفت که تمرکز معلمان در نتیجه شرکت در این دوره تغییر کرده است. آنان اطلاعات ارزشمندی را از سطح ضمنی به سطح آگاهانه آورده، در مورد آنها مذاکره کرده و تا حدی آنها را تغییر دادند. آنها بیشتر از توانایی های خود آگاه شدند و زمینه، سطوح، نیازها و خواسته های دانش آموزان را در نظر گرفتند. نتایج مذکور همسو با بسیاری از یافته های مطالعات صورت گرفته قبلی است. پیامدهای اصلی این مطالعه برای مدیران مؤسسات، کارشناسان تربیت معلم و معلمان زبان انگلیسی در خصوص تصمیم گیری ها و نیز نقش مهم تأمّل در تصمیمات است.
۶.

Anxiety Reduction and RALL Implementation in English Grammar Acquisition among EFL Learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: RALL grammar acquisition Anxiety adolescent EFL learners

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۹۲ تعداد دانلود : ۸۵
The study is a part of a larger study on the impact of Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL) on English grammar acquisition and retention of adolescent English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. More specifically, the primary aim of the paper at hand was to examine the impact of RALL on adolescent EFL learners’ anxiety levels. In this regard, three intact classes (N=45) in a private language institute in Tehran were evenly divided into two experimental groups of RALL and Game-based Language Learning (GBLL) and one control group. The participants were adolescent male EFL learners between 11 to 15 years old with a mean age of 13. While the teacher, the textbook, and the teaching materials were identical in all groups, a kid-sized humanoid social robot was exclusively used in the RALL group. The data were collected through questionnaires in the final session for each group, and the results of descriptive statistics and ANOVA indicated that lower anxiety rates were observed in the RALL group. Our findings could clearly be proof of the efficiency of socially assistive robots in the instruction of language skills in a more favorable teaching context.
۷.

Novice EFL Teachers' Decision-making and Pedagogical Reasoning in Implementing Instruction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Novice EFL teachers Decision-making pedagogical reasoning English language instruction

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۴۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۳
Teachers' decision-making and pedagogical reasoning and their improvement are key to the effectiveness of teaching. Although a number of studies have been conducted on these issues, there is still not enough information about teachers' interactive decision-making and pedagogical reasoning, and teachers also do not have the necessary skills in this area. To address this gap, the current multiple case study investigated four novice EFL teachers' decision-making and their underlying pedagogical reasoning in implementing instruction. The result of the constant comparative and categorical content analysis on the ten-session classroom observations and the transcribed stimulated recall interviews indicated common themes, including teachers' overusing of learners' L1, excessively using the deductive approach to teaching, failing to incorporate technology but using available resources in class during instruction, using whole-class or individual instructional techniques, and rarely emphasizing on learners' knowledge of the world. The targeted teachers made such decisions to perform their predetermined responsibilities, transfer the correct information, motivate learners, manage time, and help learners toward their language achievement. This study has implications for teachers to reflect on their instructional decisions and pedagogical reasoning, and for managers to provide them with opportunities for reflection.
۸.

Teacher Autonomy for Professional Development: A Longitudinal Case Study of Novice EFL Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: teacher autonomy professional development self-directed professional development diary

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۳۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۶
Despite many studies on teacher autonomy (TA) and its connection with learner autonomy (LA), scant attention has been devoted to TA on its own and how it might contribute to teachers themselves. Against this backdrop, the current study set out to investigate novice English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ autonomy development in terms of their self-directed professional development (PD) and capacity for their self-directed PD, the two subcomponents of the multidimensional framework of TA. To this end, two novice EFL teachers’ audio diaries on the aforementioned subcomponents were collected for 10 months. Moreover, to complement the probable gaps in the diary phase, the teachers were interviewed in five terms. The thematic analysis of  the  collected diaries  and  diary-based  semi-structured interviews revealed that novice EFL teachers’ main activities for self-directed PD embraced peer observation, peer coaching, reading books, making use of technology, reflection, action research, and attending workshops. Additionally, the findings indicated that novice EFL teachers were equipped with both capacity and willingness to self-direct their PD. The constructive factors enabling  them  to  develop  such  capacity  included  experience,  reading  books,  and  external support. The findings bear implications for teacher educators to underline the value of PD strategies for teachers. Teachers should also be aware of the PD strategies they could employ for their self-direction. The findings suggest some implication for institute managers too.
۹.

راهبردهای آموزش علوم و مهندسی همگام با زبان اشاره ناشنوایان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

تعداد بازدید : ۸۷ تعداد دانلود : ۷۷
زبان از ویژگی های مهم بشر و عنصر وجودی انسان است. زبانِ اشاره راهکاری برای رفع نیازهای شفاهی و ارتباطی جامعه ناشنوایان است، همان طور که زبان هایی همچون فارسی، چینی، انگلیسی و... راهکارهایی برای رفع نیازهای ارتباطی جامعه شنوایان است. تجربه های بی نظیر در زندگی، دیدگاه های دانشمندان را در پژوهش شکل می دهد. بنابراین، تنوع در زندگی و تجربه های فرهنگی در میان دانشمندان سبب گسترش جهت گیری های پژوهشی و درنهایت، اختراعات و اکتشافات علمی می شود. برای مثال، افراد ناشنوا چشم اندازهای بی نظیری را در پژوهش های علمی با موفقیت رقم زده اند. با این حال، افراد ناشنوا همچنان در آموزش علوم دانشگاهی با چالش هایی روبه رو هستند. بیشتر دانشجویان ناشنوا در رشته های علوم، فناوری، مهندسی و ریاضیات با استادانی ارتباط برقرار می کنند که تجربه کاری با افراد ناشنوا را ندارند و غالباً درباره چگونگی برقراری ارتباط با افراد ناشنوا آگاهی ندارند. لذا، نبود دسترسی به مهارت های ارتباطاتی لازم، معمولاً سبب می شود تا دانشجویان ناشنوا از تحصیل در علوم پایه و مهندسی احساس نارضایتی یا ناتوانی داشته باشند. در این مطالعه تلاش شد تا با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و همچنین مروری بر شواهد، نظرها و تجربه های کارشناسان و دانشمندان ناشنوا، راهکارهایی برای حمایت از بهترین دانشجویان ناشنوا در رشته های علوم و مهندسی ارائه شود. از این رو، برای مناسب سازی محیط تحصیلی ناشنوایان، درخصوص چیدمان کلاس و صندلی ها، راهبردهای تدریس و مربیگری در پژوهش مباحثی مطرح و همچنین به اهمیت حضور دانشمندان ناشنوا/کم شنوا در پژوهش های مرتبط با افراد ناشنوا اشاره شده است. به علاوه، بر لزوم و تأثیر آموزش زبان اشاره عمومی و تخصصی به صورت دروس اختیاری در برنامه های درسی دانشگاه ها به منظور افزایش مهارت های ارتباطی دانش آموختگان هنگام مواجهه با جامعه ناشنوا تأکید شده است.
۱۰.

Evaluation of High School English Course Books in Iran: Task Types in Focus

کلید واژه ها: Evaluation of textbook Nunan’s (1999) taxonomy task types national English course book task-based language teaching

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۹۹ تعداد دانلود : ۲۶۲
This study sought to examine the type and frequency of tasks in the Iranian high school English course books (Prospect 1, 2, 3 & English Book 1, 2, 3). The corpus was analyzed based on Nunan’s (1999) framework composed of five main task types, namely cognitive, interpersonal, linguistics, affective, and creative. To this end, the whole content of the aforementioned course books went through content analysis separately and accordingly descriptive and inferential results were reported regarding the frequency of each task type. The results showed that the linguistic tasks were the most recurrent type, whereas some task types (e.g., affective and creative) were totally absent. Furthermore, based on the results of Chi Square test, a significant difference was observed in the frequency of task types. While, according to communicative approach, communicative competence necessitates the inclusion of grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competencies, the findings of the current study revealed that linguistic competence was overemphasized in these course books. This fact may lead to learners who are competent in producing linguistically appropriate utterances, which may at the same time be inappropriate with regard to context. The findings can have significant implications for EFL teachers and materials developers in making them conscious of the fact that the application of different types of tasks in textbooks is an important standard leading to more competent language users, especially in an EFL context like Iran.
۱۱.

تأثیر استفاده از واقعیت مجازی در آموزش تلفظ انگلیسی زبان آموزان نوجوان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: اموزش زبان از طریق واقعیت مجازی اموزش تلفظ از طریق واقعیت مجازی تلفظ اموزش زبان

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۳۸ تعداد دانلود : ۳۰۶
ترکیب فناوری های نوین در آموزش زبان به طور چشمگیری فراگیر شده است و در حال حاضر به منزله ابزارهای مفیدی در آموزش زبان انگلیسی کاربرد دارد. در راستای این روند، اعتقاد بر این است که به کارگیری فناوری های نوین در آموزش و یادگیری تلفظ زبان انگلیسی تأثیرگذار است. به همین منظور این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر آموزش زبان از طریق واقعیت مجازی بر تلفظ زبان آموزان نوجوان ایرانی انجام شده است. برای این منظور، ۱۸ زبان آموز (6 تا 12 ساله) برای شرکت در مطالعه در آزمایشگاه رباتیک اجتماعی شناختی دانشگاه صنعتی شریف دعوت شدند. ابتدا، تلفظ آن ها توسط پیش آزمون تلفظ از طریق مرورگر Speechace اندازه گیری شد. بعد، در محیطی مجازی، در طول ده جلسه نود دقیقه ای، شرکت کنندگان دستورالعمل هایی را درمورد تمامی موارد تلفظ شده در آزمون دریافت کردند (شامل واکه های / ɪ / و / i / و واکه های / ʊ / و / u / ) که از طریق بازی واقعیت مجازی توسط یک ربات انسان نما اجرا شد. موضوعات آموزشی در غالب جملات ساده و مکالمات کوتاه بود. درنهایت، محققان پس آزمون را بررسی کردند و نتایج آزمون زوجی نشان داد که در عملکرد زبان آموزان قبل و بعد از جلسه های آموزشی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. این مطالعه نشان می دهد که بازی های شبیه سازی شده در محیط واقعیت مجازی می توانند در افزایش مهارت های تلفظ زبان آموزان به کار گرفته شوند. به علاوه، واقعیت مجازی روشی نوین برای تدریس و یادگیری زبان انگلیسی را در محیطی کارآمد و لذت بخش ایجاد می کند.
۱۲.

Non-native English Speaking Teachers’ Pragmatic Criteria in the Holistic and Analytic Rating of the Agreement Speech Act Productions of Iranian EFL Learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Holistic and Analytic Rating Pragmatic Rating Criteria Speech Act Agreement Non-native English speaking raters

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۳۶ تعداد دانلود : ۲۸۲
Pragmatic rating is considered one of the novel and crucial aspects of second language education which has not been maneuvered upon in the literature. To address this gap, the current study aimed to inspect the matches and mismatches, to explore rating variations, and to assess the rater consistency between the holistic and analytic rating methods of the speech act of agreement in L2 by non-native English teachers. In this regard, 12 discourse completion tests (DCTs) for agreement accompanied by EFL learners’ responses to each situation were rated by 50 non-native English teachers. Initially, they were asked to rate it holistically, and the content analysis of raters’ comments revealed twelve agreement criteria. Grammatical structure was the prominent criterion which suggested that the raters were predominantly concerned with pragmalinguistics. In particular, the results of descriptive statistics demonstrated that there was a degree of divergence in the frequency of the criteria applied. Additionally, the teachers were asked to rate the pragmatic outputs analytically which showed that the raters were more consistent in the analytic phase. Finally, the findings indicated that there was a convergence between the two rating methods. The results of the present study implicated the necessity of rater training with regard to the rubric-based pragmatic rating. This study offers crucial pedagogical implications for syllabus designers, materials developers, language testers, and some suggestions for further research studies.
۱۳.

Pragmatic Criteria in the Holistic and Analytic Rating of the Disagreement Speech Act of Iranian EFL Learners by Non-native English Speaking Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Interlanguage pragmatic assessment ILP rating criteria Non-native English speaking raters Speech Act Disagreement

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۱۶ تعداد دانلود : ۳۰۳
Conveying a strong message within a language stems from not only a linguistically appropriate utterance but also a pragmatically appropriate discourse. Broadly considering various facets of pragmatics, pragmatic assessment has not been potentially brought into perspective. To address this discourse gap, this study, guided by the principles of mixed-method design, pursued three purposes: to inspect the matches and mismatches, to explore rating variations, and to assess the rater consistency between the holistic and analytic rating methods of disagreement speech acts in L2 by non-native English teachers. As a result, 12 different pragmatic situations for disagreement DCTs accompanied by EFL learners' responses to each situation were rated by 50 non-native English teachers. Initially, they were asked to rate it holistically, incorporating both ratings and providing comments. The content analysis of raters' comments indicated sixteen disagreement criteria. The descriptive statistics also revealed variations across different situations. Moreover, the teachers were asked to rate it analytically based on the assessment rubrics adopted from Ishihara and Cohen (2010). The findings of intra-class correlations implied that respondents were more consistent in analytic rating. Moreover, the results indicated that there was a convergence between the two rating methods suggesting that the raters adopted the same level of leniency and severity in rating. Overall, the results accentuated the significance of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of language for EFL raters. Finally, the results of the present study place a premium on the importance of pragmatic assessment training as well as cultural awareness.
۱۴.

Native and Non-native Teachers’ Pragmatic Criteria for Rating Request Speech Act: The Case of American and Iranian EFL Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: Request ILP assessment rating criteria video-prompted DCTs

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۸۶۳ تعداد دانلود : ۷۹۵
Abstract: Over the last few decades, several aspects of pragmatic knowledge and its effects on teaching and learning a second language (L2) have been explored in many studies. However, among various studies, the area of interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) assessment is quite novel issue and many features of it have remained unnoticed. As ILP assessment has received more attention recently, the necessity of investigation on the EFL teachers’ rating criteria for rating various speech acts has become important. In this respect, the present study aimed to investigate the native and non-native EFL teachers’ rating scores and criteria regarding the speech act of request. To this end, 50 American ESL teachers and 50 Iranian EFL teachers participated to rate the EFL learners’ responses to video-prompted Discourse Completion Tests (DCTs) regarding the speech act of request. Raters were supposed to rate the EFL learners’ responses and mention their criteria for assessment. The results of the content analysis of raters’ comments revealed nine criteria that they considered in their assessment. Moreover, the result of the t-test and chi-square analyses of raters’ rating scores and criteria proved that there are significant differences between native and non-native EFL teachers’ rating pattern. The results of this study also shed light on importance of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic features in native and non-native teachers’ pragmatics rating, which can have several implications for L2 teachers, learners, and material developers.
۱۵.

More Proficient vs. Less Proficient EFL Learners’ Perceptions of Teachers ‘Motivation Raising Strategies(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

کلید واژه ها: extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation more and less proficient EFL learners Perception motivation raising strategy

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۰۷ تعداد دانلود : ۵۵۴
Motivation raising strategies are frequently used in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes; nevertheless, learners’ perceptions of such strategies used by language teachers have not sufficiently been explored. Also, there are not enough studies on differences and similarities between more and less proficient EFL learners regarding this issue. To scrutinize this topic, a groups of more (No=50) and less proficient EFL learners (No=50) participated in this study by completing to a validated, researcher-made questionnaire with a five-point Likert type format. Non-parametric Mann-Whiteny U test was run in the SPSS ver. 23 to check the differences between the two groups. The results of the study verified that, regardless of each individual scale in the utilized questionnaire, overall, the more proficient ones manifested significantly less perceptions on teachers’ motivation raising strategies based on the total estimated mean ranks compared with the less proficient learners.  However, within the surveyed scales, only in the classroom atmosphere scale, the results showed that the less proficient learners were more mindful of teacher strategies for motivation raising. The findings from this study have implications for motivation raising strategy instructions for a language classroom. 
۱۶.

رباتیک شناختی - اجتماعی: رازها و نیازها

تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۷۹
فنّاوری رباتیک این روزها برنامه های کاربردی خود را از کارخانه ای به سمت کاربردهای عمومی تری در جامعه، نظیر کاربرد رباتها در امور بالینی و توانبخشی، پرستاری کودکان و سالمندان، عملیات جست و جو و امداد، و غیره گسترش داده است. برای آنکه فنّاوری رباتیک بتواند در چنین محیط هایی موفق عمل کند، لازم است به سطح جدیدی از توانمندی، مهارتهای فیزیکی، و قابلیّتهای هوشی و شناختی ارتقا یابد. در مسیر طراحی و ساخت رباتهای اجتماعی شناختی چالشهای زیادی پیشِ روی انسان قرار دارد که یکی از بزرگ ترین آنها ساخت رباتهایی منطبق با نیازها و انتظارات ذهن انسان است. نحوه برقراری ارتباط ما با ماشینهایی با اشکال فیزیکی باکیفیت تر و باروح تر با نوع تعامل با یک رایانه، تلفن همراه یا دیگر ابزارهای هوشمند متفاوت است. لازم است این تفاوتها را درک کنیم تا بدانیم چگونه از این تفاوت به عنوان اهرمی قدرتمند بهره ببریم. در این مقاله حوزه نوین و چند رشته ای رباتیک اجتماعی شناختی و تأثیر فنّاوریهای نوظهور در آموزش (یا به عبارت دیگر کاربرد مهندسی در آموزش) و کمک درمان معرفی شده اند. به علاوه، با ارائه ویژگیهای کلیدی و برخی موضوعات پژوهشی راههای ورود به این زمینه علمی نشان داده شده است.
۱۷.

نقش زبان انگلیسی تخصصی در آموزش مهندسی نوین

نویسنده:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۶۱
در رشته ها و زمینه های کلاسیک و نوین مهندسی نظیر برق، مکانیک، الکترونیک، نفت، فنّاوری اطلاعات، مخابرات، مکاترونیک، علوم رایانه، رباتیک، هوش مصنوعی، شناختی و...زبان تخصصی و فنی انگلیسی به عنوان زبان مشترک ارتباطی نشر متون و ارائه شفاهی در همایشهای بین المللی (به ویژه در کشورهای درحال توسعه غیرانگلیسی زبان) پذیرفته شده است. از طرفی با افزایش تحرک و جابه جایی روزافزون نیروی کار در دهکده جهانی نیاز مهند دسان به ارتقای مهارتهای ارتباطی در ابعاد بین المللی موضوعی حیاتی ونشانی از برتری است.این مهارتها نه تنها اهداف اصلی از منظر زبان شناسی نظیر بهبود تلفظ، تسلط بهتر بر واژگان وغیره را در بر می گیرد، بلکه شامل مهارتهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی زبان و همچنین توانایی استفاده از راهبردهای مختلف جبرانی ارتباطی (مانند تفسیر)، هنگامی که معانی زبانی ناکافی به نظر می رسند، می شود. این مقاله، با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی، با مروری بر مباحث نظری مرتبط و تجربیات نویسنده و ارائه مثالهایی برای ورود به بحث، ابتدا به نقش و تأثیر زبان تخصصی در آموزش مهندسی می پردازند سپس، با اشاره به ویژگیهای اساسی مهارتهای ارتباطی، که لازم است در برنامه های درسی رشته های مهندسی گنجانده شوند، آموزش زبان تخصصی را با در نظر گرفتن فعالیتهایی که نزدیک به شرایط علمی و حرفه مربوط است به عنوان عنصر حیاتیِ آموزش مهند دسان فردا معرفی می کند.
۱۸.

THE GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN PERSIAN DISSERTATIONS (بررسی ساختار صفحات تقدیر در پایان نامه های دانشجوهای ایرانی)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: فارسی ساختار گونه متن صفحات تقدیر

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۸۲۸ تعداد دانلود : ۵۹۱
تشکر و قدردانی در پایان نامه ها از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار است زیرا از طریق آن افراد می توانند حسن نیت خود را نشان داده و به نوعی هویت آکادمیک خود را شکل دهند. در همین راستا مطالعه حاضر الگوی ساختاری صفحه تقدیر در 503 پایان نامه در طی سال های 1981 تا 2014 از دانشگاه های معتبر ایران را مورد بررسی قرار داده است. به طور کلی 65323 کلمه بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که به طور کلی دانشجویان ایرانی از یک الگوی سه مرحله ای (گام آغازین، گام میانی، و گام نهایی) پیروی می کنند که هر کدام از این مراحل خود دارای چند قدم دیگر نیز بودند. نتایج تحقیق حاضر می توان اطلاعات سودمندی در اختیار دانشجویان و همچنین اساتید دانشگاهی قرار دهد.
۱۹.

Native EFL Raters’ Criteria in Assessing the Speech Act of Complaint: The Case of American and British EFL Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: DCT ILP rating complaint native English raters

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۹۴ تعداد دانلود : ۳۴۹
Despite the importance of interlanguage pragmatic rating (ILP) in the second language teaching and learning context, scant attention has been devoted to it. This study aims to investigate native EFL teachers’ major criteria in assessing the speech act of complaint produced by Iranian EFL learners. To fulfill this end, two groups of experienced native raters, including American (n=47) and British (n=30) EFL/ESL teachers, were elected for evaluating the complaint discourse completion tests (DCTs) made from video-prompts which were answered by EFL learners before. The content analysis of raters’ comments on the EFL learners’ productions revealed eleven different criteria including logical reasoning and comments, politeness, linguistic appropriacy, semantic formula, interlocutors’ relationship, register choice, formality, degree of intensity, cultural accommodations, degree of directness, and finally fluency and naturalness respectively from the most to the least frequent ones. The result of the t-test and chi-square analysis proved that British and American raters differed significantly in their degree of variations and preferences of these criteria. The results further showed that EFL learners’ responses seemed unreasonable and impolite to native raters which might be due to the different cultural norms between L1 and L2 societies and consequently encourage us to be aware of the importance of teaching sociopragmatic knowledge to the EFL learners.
۲۰.

Native and Non-native English Teachers’ Rating Criteria and Variation in the Assessment of L2 Pragmatic Production: The Speech Act of Compliment معیارها و تفاوت نمره دهی معلمان انگلیسی بومی و غیربومی در سنجش تولید منظورشناسی زبان دوم: مورد کنش کلامی تحسین(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

کلید واژه ها: نمره دهی Pragmatic Assessment سنجش منظورشناختی کنش کلامی تحسین معلمان بومی و غیربومی زبان انگلیسی Rating speech act of compliment American and Iranian EFL/ESL teachers

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۴۷ تعداد دانلود : ۴۶۷
Pragmatic assessment and consistency in rating are among the subject matters which are still in need of more profound investigations. The importance of the issue is highlighted when remembering that inconsistency in ratings would surely damage the test fairness issue in assessment and lead to much diversity in ratings. Our principal concern in this study was observing the criteria that American and Iranian EFL/ESL teachers consider when rating Iranian EFL learners’ pragmatic productions regarding the speech act of compliment. The instrument utilized in this study was WDCTs and a speech act rating questionnaire administered to sixty American and sixty Iranian EFL/ESL teachers. In order to come up with the criteria, the reasoning and justifications of the raters when rating learners’ pragmatic productions were analyzed carefully through content analysis. The results showed that overall the raters considered nine general criteria when rating. They included: “Strategy use”, “Affective factors”, “Politeness”, “Interlocutors’ relationships”, “Linguistic accuracy”, “Sincerity”, “Authenticity”, “Fluency”, and “Cultural issues”. Also, the most frequent criterion among the native and non-native raters was “Strategy use” and “Politeness” respectively. Finally, it was concluded that due to some inconsistencies and variations in the ratings and criteria of both native and non-native raters, it seems that both groups are in need of pragmatic workshops and training sessions. The results of this study can have important implications for EFL/ESL teacher educators who are considerate of the importance of pragmatic training and instruction.

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