فیلتر های جستجو:
فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۱٬۷۲۱ تا ۱٬۷۴۰ مورد از کل ۹٬۷۱۴ مورد.
حوزه های تخصصی:
Driven by the concept of mediation, this study is set out to use sociocultrual theory as the theoretical framework to explore the mediation role of textbooks, specifically, the series Northstar in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university classes in Vietnam. Learning journals with guided questions are employed to collect data on how different aspects of English textbooks assist students’ learning in the classroom. Besides, transcripts of recorded classroom obervations are analysed to interpret how the textbooks formulate and faciliate students’ ideas related to the given tasks and generate their interaction in both the target language and the mother tongue. It is found from the students’ journals that the textbooks assist them in understanding the lesson contents and the images help them with visualizing the lessons. Besides, the students make use of the tasks/activities when practising language skills, especially the listening skill. The transcripts reveal the process in which students refer to their previous knowledge related to the topics/tasks provided in the textbooks to interact with one other. More speficially, the tasks and the ideas of other group members mediate more thoughts of the students, leading to collective knowledge construction and task completion. From the findings, recommendations for the use of textbooks in the framework of sociocultrual theory are put forward.
قید جمله در زبان روسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
یکی از موضوعاتی که زبان شناسان بدان توجه داشته اند، قید در زبان است. زبان روسی نیز به عنوان یکی از شاخه های زبان های هند و اروپایی از این امر مستثنی نیست. نگاه ویژه زبان شناسان به این مقوله در زبان روسی، پس از مقاله شیویداوا درباره ی «قیدجمله» (детерминант) شکل گرفت و اختلاف آراء و مباحث زیادی را بر انگیخت. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش تحلیل منابع کتابخانه ای و تطبیق نمونه های اخذ شده از منابع، تقسیم بندی جدیدی از مقوله ی قیدجمله ارائه شد با تکیه بر این موضوع که آیا فعل یا جمله را مقید می سازد یا خیر؟ بدین منظور، نخست به دیدگاه شیویودوا درباره تقسیم بندی عنصرهای درون جمله اشاره و با استفاده از تعاریف وی برای تمایز قید فعل و قید جمله در روسی، برخی ملاک های معنایی و نحوی معرفی شدند. بررسی نمونه های اخذ شده از منابع به این امر منتج شد که قیدجمله از لحاظ معنایی به دو دسته قیدهای جمله فاعلی-مفعولی و قیدهای جمله متمم قیدی تقسیم بندی می شوند. افزون بر صورت های واژگانی، جملات پیرویی که به عنوان جملات تجزیه پذیر مشخص شده اند، به دلیل آنکه وابستگی به جمله پایه ندارند، می توانند نقش قیدجمله را ایفا کنند.
Iranian EFL Teachers’ Perspective towards the High School English Textbook, Vision3: An Evaluation Based on Communicative Approach
حوزه های تخصصی:
Textbook evaluation seems to be inevitable where textbooks are the main source of teaching and learning processes. This study aimed to investigate to what extent ''Vision 3'' (the last volume of the English book series entitled “English for schools”) has the characteristics of a CLT syllabus based on teachers’ points of view. To fulfill the objectives of this study, 60 male and female high school English teachers, teaching at different high schools answered an online questionnaire adapted from AbdelWahab (2013) which is a 3-point Likert scale checklist (i.e. poor, satisfactory, & good). The design of the scale enabled the researchers to evaluate the book in terms of four main criteria including; (1) physical and utilitarian attributes, (2) efficient outlay of objectives and supplementary materials, (3) learning/teaching content, and (4) language skills. The analysis of the data indicated that EFL teachers had a positive attitude towards the English textbook based on the CLT principles except for cultural considerations. The conclusion indicates that the book needs to be modified to include some aspects of cultural values about the target language culture. The results can guide the teachers, syllabus designers, textbook writers, evaluators, and curriculum designers in their planning and designing of future textbooks.
A Survey on Intercultural Contact (IC) among Iranian EFL Students: Validating a Questionnaire(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱
19 - 40
حوزه های تخصصی:
Intercultural contact (IC) among students has received a great prominence in EFL and ESL contexts in recent years; therefore, this study was an attempt to modify and validate a questionnaire as an instrument to elicit the resources from which Iranian EFL students obtain their IC information. To reach this aim, a modified version of Peng and Wu’s questionnaire with 26 items and five factors was administered among 200 male and female Iranian EFL students from different language institutes in Tabriz, Iran. To determine the reliability and validity of the modified questionnaire, the statistical analyses of the model and fitness of the questionnaire were conducted by SmartPLS3 software. The results of reliability analyses using three measures of Cronbach’s alpha, combined reliability (CR) and average variance extraction (AVE) demonstrated that the questionnaire has a good reliability. Moreover, the results of construct crossvalidated communality (Q²) proved the construct validity of the questionnaire. Additionally, the results of correlation coefficient matrix and p value for all the latent variables demonstrated that all the paths and relationships in the model are significant and the model is a good fit. This study also clarifies the implication of such a questionnaire for ELT and presents some suggestions for future studies.
The Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Creativity, Motivation and Job Satisfaction: The Role of Gender, Teaching Experience and Teaching Context(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱
41 - 60
حوزه های تخصصی:
The current study investigated the relationship between teachers’ creativity, motivation and job satisfaction. In so doing, the role of demographic factors, i.e. gender, teaching experience and teaching context was also taken into account. To conduct the study, a total of 103 EFL teachers at both institute and school contexts were selected. The teachers were recruited on a voluntary basis, and the sample included teachers from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, coming from both genders and either of the teaching contexts. Three questionnaires (Teacher Creativity Questionnaire, Teacher Motivation Questionnaire, and Job Satisfaction Scale) were employed to gather the data, which were then analyzed through a number of analyses, including Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation, Multiple Regression Analysis, Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings revealed the existence of a significant correlation between teachers’ motivation and their job satisfaction. Furthermore, teachers’ motivation in comparison with their creativity had a greater predictive power with regard to job satisfaction. However, demographic factors did not have a significant role in job satisfaction. The findings can offer insightful implications for educational authorities, teachers, school leaderships and academicians to help promote job satisfaction in different instructional contexts.
Vision 3 vis-à-vis Learning to Read: A Taxonomy-Based and Teacher-Oriented Evaluation of Reading Comprehension Skill(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱
80 - 99
حوزه های تخصصی:
Reading passages act as the locus of comprehensible input in the English language teaching materials and are mostly followed by a host of activities to ensure the learners’ comprehension. The current study aimed to carry out a comparative evaluation of Vision 3 and Learning to Read (i.e., English for Pre-university Students) in terms of the reading sections. To this end, Freeman’s taxonomy of reading comprehension questions was used. To enrich the quantitative data, thirty-two English teachers were also interviewed. The results revealed the prevalence of Language questions in both textbooks. However, the least common types of questions were Affect and Content in the old and new textbook, respectively. The results of Chi-square tests unfolded a significant difference between the two textbooks in terms of three categories of questions. The analysis of the teachers’ responses corroborated the findings of the quantitative phase. The teachers seemed satisfied with the inclusion of more Affect questions in Vision 3; nevertheless, they believed that the new English textbook needed to be revised in terms of the quantity and quality of reading texts and tasks in order to shape and expand the students’ reading comprehension skills. The findings carry pedagogical implications for the materials developers and English teachers.
A Brain-Friendly Teaching Inventory: A Rasch-based Model Validation(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱
100 - 120
حوزه های تخصصی:
Teachers usually teach according to how brains naturally learn. In this way, not only do their learners learn, retain, and recall quickly, but also the teaching becomes more joyful. Increased attention to the worthwhile role of the mind in learning/teaching in recent times Due to the lack of a valid scale for estimating teachers' awareness of brain-friendly teaching, the current study intended to construct and validate a 54-item brain-friendly teaching inventory by the implementation of the Rasch model. The test was administered to 200 Iranian EFL teachers from different educational contexts. The results revealed that all the 54 items of the scale had a good fit to the Rasch model. Infit and outfit values were within the acceptable range which indicates unidimensionality of the scale. Furthermore, it is asserted that the inventory enjoyed suitable reliability. This demonstrates that the Brain-Friendly Teaching Inventory is valid and can be applied as a scale for assessing the teachers' awareness of brain-friendly teaching.
The Power of Aural and Picture Vocabulary Size Test in Predicting Iranian EFL Learners’ Viewing Comprehension(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۴, No.۲۹, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱
170 - 193
حوزه های تخصصی:
The aim of this investigation has been to predict Viewing Comprehension through Aural and Picture Vocabulary Size among Iranian EFL Learners . To this end, 110 intermediate students were selected from two institutes of a city in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Pictorial vocabulary knowledge of learners was tested by Picture Vocabulary Size Test, Aural vocabulary knowledge was measured by Aural vocabulary size test and viewing comprehension was tested by a multiple-choice question test. All analyses were carried out using SPSS for Microsoft windows 22. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was run to analyze the relationship among viewing comprehension, picture vocabulary size and aural vocabulary . After the correlation analysis, we did step-wise multiple regression analysis to predict an outcome variable from two predictors . Interestingly, it was found that both picture and aural vocabulary size have a significant positive correlation with viewing comprehension. It was also proved that only aural vocabulary size can be considered as a significant predictor of EFL learners' viewing comprehension ability.
Evaluating the Iranian Senior ELT High School Vision Series in Terms of Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies,Vol ۱۳, No. ۲, ۲۰۲۱
181 - 196
حوزه های تخصصی:
T The textbook analysis is a vigorous research approach for evaluating the conformity between the content and the purpose of education. Accordingly, the relatively newly-published Iranian ELT textbooks for senior high school, known as the “Vision series” were analyzed for their prominent levels of learning objectives according to Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy. Activity sections of textbooks were codified according to the Taxonomy’s coding scheme, and the inter/intra-rater reliability which were measured and approved. Results revealed that the lower-order categories of cognitive domain are more frequently represented in Vision series of 1 and 2, and chi-square statistics indicate that Vision 3 is significantly different from the other two. The inclusion of higher-order categories in Vision 3 creates hope for increasing students’ proficiency and activating students’ need to develop higher-order thinking skills which are prerequisites to critical thinking and autonomous learning. Findings also maintain that the cognitive domain and metacognitive knowledge domain were the least perceived in the three textbooks which call for inclusion of more reflective activities and supplementing higher-order cognitive activities or complementary tasks in Visions 1 and 2.
The Effects of Noticing on Learners’ Grammar Achievements: Cognitive and Ecological Perspectives(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Despite a great number of studies exploring Schmidt’s noticing hypothesis in the cognitive perspective of language learning, the investigations focused on noticing in the ecological perspective are rather rare in number. The present study was an attempt to examine how noticing second language recast could affect the learners’ achievements of grammatical structures through these two perspectives (i.e., cognitive and ecological). To do so, one hundred and twenty first-year college students at Islamic Azad University and Applied Science University in Tehran took part in this study. The students were divided into two cognitive and ecological groups and received two different treatments. During the treatment, the learners in all groups received recast and their noticing was assessed through learners’ raising hands and underlining. In the end, a posttest was conducted to measure the effectiveness of the treatment. Data analysis revealed that the ecological perspective of language learning was more conducive to noticing and subsequent language learning. The study also made contributions by actualizing the ecological project-based meaningful activities, shedding light on the importance of affordance and interaction in the context of language learning.
Syllable-Internal Structure in Iranian-Balochi Dialects(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies,Vol ۱۳, No. ۱, ۲۰۲۱
173 - 192
حوزه های تخصصی:
The present article dedicates to studying the syllable-internal structure in three Iranian Balochi dialects (IBDs) namely Mirjaveh Sarhaddi, Sarawani and Lashari dialects. The data analysis will be based on the onset-rhyme theory (e.g., Kurylowicz, 1948; Fudge, 1969; Vergnaud & Halle, 1979; Selkirk, 1982). Moreover, the syllable weight in IBDs will be discussed in the framework of mora theory (Hayes, 1985, 1989). The data have been collected during the research fieldwork in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. The research findings demonstrate that the Balochi language is an example of a nucleus-weight language in which heavy syllables depend on the number of elements in the nucleus. Thus, CV and CVC are light syllables and CVV(C) syllable is counted as heavy syllable. Besides, the context-dependent weight of CVC syllables occurs in IBDs stress pattern system. Studying the syllable contact (word-medial consonant clusters) in IBDs shows that Balochi is among languages that admit all types of heterosyllablic clusters.
A Comparative Study of Contextual and Personal Factors Associated with Burnout and Its Consequences: A Case of EFL Teachers in Public Schools and Private Institutes(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Abstract: So far, the roles and responsibilities of teachers have undergone massive changes and teachers have been inundated with constant transition and workload. Consequently, the boundaries between work and home have been blurred and teachers are highly required to devote more and more time to their work. Such high expectations contribute to high stress which, in turn, leads to teachers’ occupational burnout. Despite a plethora of research which has investigated the relationship between burnout and various teachers’ variables, less is known about how Iranian English teachers at both public high schools and private language institutes perceive the sources and consequences of burnout in their work-lives. To bridge the gap, a phenomenological mixed-methods research was conducted. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations were used for data collection. First, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was distributed to identify burned out English teachers. Afterward, 62 burned-out English teachers (23 school and 29 institute teachers) were invited for interviews. To triangulate the data, classroom observations were also conducted. Results revealed that although school and institute teachers reported lots of similar sources and consequences for their stress and burnout, several substantial differences were observed due to the varying contexts. Moreover, it was found that both contextual and personal factors led to English teachers’ stress and burnout.
Religious Teachers' Perceptions of Their Religious Identity: A Case of Iranian English Language Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Teacher identity has turned out to be of great importance in teacher pedagogical practice. A number of factors are implicated in shaping and reshaping teachers' identity. Despite numerous studies on teacher identity, language teacher religious identity has remained under-researched. Therefore, the current study examined how Iranian religious English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers are identified. To do so, 30 religious teachers were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through employing semi-structured interviews, developed based on Simon’s (2004) six components of identity, namely personal features, physical characters, special abilities, behavioral qualities, ideological attributes, and group membership. The results demonstrated that religious teachers tend to manifest certain Islamic-based personal attributes like fairness and kindness and also adhere to some Islamic rules of physical features like head covering for females and dignified clothes for males. In addition, religious teachers' behaviors and performances were profoundly affected by their religious background, realized in their attempts to control their anger, to avoid insulting and backbiting, and to disregard or replacing the materials which seem to be against the Islamic thought. The findings can have practical implications for teachers, institute administrators, and other stakeholders whose cognizance of religious teachers' identity could help prevent possible identity tensions.
EFL Teachers’ Professional Development, Job Satisfaction, and Reflective Thinking: A Structural Equation Modeling(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Applied Research on English Language, V. ۱۰ , N. ۲ , ۲۰۲۱
111 - 132
حوزه های تخصصی:
The demand for learning English as a foreign language has significantly heightened the need to recruit efficient teachers. Related literature confirms the lack of studies on teacher characteristics that can affect their job satisfaction. This study aimed to study the relationship between Iranian EFL teachers’ professional development, job satisfaction, and reflective thinking. One-hundred and fifty-nine teachers from different universities, language institutes, and schools wer e requested to answer the professional development questionnaire, the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire, and reflective thinking scale as the main data collection instruments. These questionnaires were given in three different ways: in person, email, and social networks. Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine the hypothesized model of associations. This model was confirmed following the application of the modification indices proposed by the software (Normal chi-square = 3.4; RMSEA =.03; RMR =.02; GFI =.94; AGFI =.91; NFI =.94; CFI =.94; IFI =.94). The findings showed that there were significant internal correlations between all the latent variables and their sub-scales. Furthermore, findings of multiple regression analysis revealed that professional development and reflective thinking positively predicted job satisfaction, with professional development exerting more predictive power compared to reflective thinking. Pedagogical implications of the results have been discussed.
Contribution of English Textbooks to an EFL Curriculum and Teachers’ Professional Identity: The Case of Four EFL Teachers and a Private Language School in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Applied Research on English Language, V. ۱۰ , N. ۳ , ۲۰۲۱
105 - 135
حوزه های تخصصی:
Abstract Driven by Beijaard, Verloop and Vermunt’s (2000) theory of Professional Identity (PI), this study aims to investigate teachers’ perception of their PI in relation to the English textbooks they use in EFL classes. In-depth interview with four Iranian EFL teachers and the school principal was conducted. The teachers’ reports were employed to investigate their PI in relation to the textbooks they used. Furthermore, the school curriculum was analyzed through an interview with the school principal and examining the school documents. Content analysis of the interview data revealed that all the teachers viewed the content knowledge dimension of their PI reliant on the textbooks. Over the years, they had gained more autonomy in adapting the content or selecting more supplementary sources. Overall, the participants in this research highlighted the pivotal role of textbooks in the construction of their PI, most importantly in the formation of their content knowledge and the least in the development of their pedagogical knowledge. The analysis of the school curriculum revealed a heavy reliance of many decisions on textbooks directly or indirectly. The findings in this study will provide more insights for curriculum developers, language school managers, teacher educators and teachers who have a say in curriculum decisions when learning about the crucial role of textbooks in PI.
The Effects of Task Type on Iranian EFL Learners’ Use of Lexical Diversity and Sophistication(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
EFL learners’ ability to use advanced and varied vocabulary is a crucial issue in writing performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of writing task type on lexical diversity and sophistication. The relationship between lexical sophistication and lexical diversity in the narrative, argumentative, and descriptive task types written by upper-intermediate EFL learners was also explored. To this end, 70 EFL upper -intermediate learners, enrolled in advanced writing tasks, were selected as the participants. They undertook narrative, descriptive, and argumentative writing tasks in a counterbalanced way. Then, Vocabulary Diversity (Voc-D) and Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD) were used to measure lexical diversity. Lexical sophistication was measured using CELEX log frequency and Beyond 2000 Words (K3+). The writings were pasted into Coh-Metrix measure MTLD, Voc-D, and CELEX. VocabProfiler was also used to measure K3+ of the writings. In lieu of the purposes of the study, the research design involved repeated measures and correlation. Using Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, the findings revealed that lexical diversity varied significantly across the three writing tasks. The highest scores of MTLD and Voc-D belonged to the narrative, argumentative, and descriptive writing tasks, respectively. Moreover, EFL learners used more advanced words in argumentative task type according to the measurement of CELEX and K3+ level words. However, learners' lexical sophistication in narrative and descriptive writings did not emerge as significantly different when measured by K3+. The significant positive relationship between lexical sophistication and lexical diversity was evident in all three task types.
بررسی صوت شناختی پارامترهای زمان بنیان منطقه گیرش در انسایشی های زبان ترکی تبریزی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
زبان پژوهی سال سیزدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴۱
33 - 53
حوزه های تخصصی:
پژوهشِ حاضر به بررسی صوت شناختی همخوان های انسایشی زبان ترکی می پردازد. به این منظور، تعداد 18 کلمه از واژه های موردِ استفاده در گفتار مردم تبریزی که همخوان های انسایشی /ʦ/ و /dz/ در هجایVC, CV و VCVقرار داشتند، انتخاب شدند. در جایگاه واکه هجاهای موردنظر، دو واکه افراشته /i/ و /u/ و واکه افتاده /ɑ/ قرار داده شدند. تحلیل آکوستیکی داده های ضبط شده با استفاده از برنامه پِرَت انجام شد و نرم افزار اس.پی.اس.اس نسخه 23 برای تحلیل آماری به کار گرفته شد. سه پارامتر صوت شناختی دیرشِ بست، دیرشِ سایش و مدت زمانِ افزایش دامنه برای تحلیل این همخوان ها انتخاب شد. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که واک داری در دیرش بست تأثیری ندارد. این در حالی است که دیرش سایش و مدت زمانِ افزایشِ دامنه، تحت تأثیر واک داری این همخوان ها قرار دارد. افزون بر واک داری، جایگاه همخوان و محیط واکه ای نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته های به دست آمده نمایان گر آن بود که موقعیت همخوان در هجا و محیط واکه ای بر دیرش بست، دیرش سایش و مدت زمان افزایش دامنه تأثیر چشم گیری دارد. به گونه ای که مدت زمان دیرش هر سه پارامتر در جایگاه پایانی طولانی تر بود. همچنین طول بست در محیط واکه ای /ɑ/ و /i/ و دیرش سایش و مدت زمان افزایش دامنه نیز در محیط واکه های /i/ و /u/ بیشتر است.
پیچیدگی بازنمودی زمان های دستوری مطلق در درک شنیداری جمله های فارسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
زبان پژوهی سال سیزدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴۱
55 - 80
حوزه های تخصصی:
پرسش اصلی این پژوهش، واقعیتِ روان شناختیِ پیچیدگیِ بازنمودی زمانِ دستوری مطلق در فارسی است. در این پژوهش با به کارگیری روش تصمیم گیریِ واژگانیِ بیناحسی، تلاش شده تا چگونگی پردازشِ جمله های حاوی انواع زمان های دستوری با برنامه نرم افزاری دی.ام.دی.اکس بررسی شود. چارچوب نظری پژوهش مبتنی بر رمزگان چندبخشی/چندگانه در روان شناسی زبان (Shapiro & Levine, 1990) و طبقه بندی زمانی در زبا ن شناسی (Comrie, 1985) است. متغیر مستقل، نوع زمان دستوری و متغیر وابسته، زمان واکنش آزمودنی ها به محرک دیداری است. آزمودنی ها 25 نفردانشجوی 18 تا 30 ساله بوده اند که در دو گروه مرد و زن دسته بندی شده اند. نتیجه آزمون نخست نشان می دهد که جمله های دربردارنده زمان دستوری حال ساده مشتمل بر حقایق علمی، کارگفت های کنشی/ جرایی و نیز جمله های مشتمل بر فعل آینده همراه مصدر صرف شده خواستن سریع تر از انواع دیگر پردازش می شوند. توجیه و توضیح این امر را می توان به این حقیقت نسبت داد که حقایق علمی در تجربه زیسته بشر ثبت شده است و فراوانی بالایی دارد. افزون بر این، افعال کنشی-اجرایی که وابسته به زمان ادای جمله هستند و افعال در زمان دستوری آینده که فقط یک کارکرد در پیوند با آن ها در نظر گرفته شده ، سریع تر پردازش می شوند. نتیجه آزمون دوم نشان می دهد که زمان پردازش جمله های مرکب دارای زمان های مختلف تفاوت معنا داری با یک دیگر ندارد. به بیان دیگر، با مرکب شدن نوع جمله تفاوت های معنی داری که در آزمون (1) قابل مشاهده بود از بین رفته است. این نکته نشان می دهد که متغیر نوع جمله نسبت به متغیر زمان دستوری فعل تأثیر بیشتری بر بار شناختی ذهن دارد. دستاورد پژوهش حاضر از این قرار است که می توان در امر آموزش زبان فارسی از مفهوم بار شناختی بهره گرفت و یافته های پژوهش را در ترتیب تدوین مطالب و مواد آموزشی مورد توجه قرار داد.
خوانش مفاهیم اخلاقی نهج البلاغه با تکیه بر استلزام ارتباطی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
زبان پژوهی سال سیزدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴۱
137 - 166
حوزه های تخصصی:
توجه به مقوله های غیر زبانی در پژوهش های حوزه زبان شناسی، از جمله کاربردشناسی از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. در نظر گرفتن بافت و سیاق و عنصر انسانی همراه با روابط بینافردی در تحلیل متون موجبِ دست یابی به معانی پنهان و ناگفته هایی می شود که اگر چه ظاهراً در کلام مطرح نشده اند، اما جزء جدایی ناپذیر آن به شمار می روند. این ناگفته ها و معانی ضمنی که «استلزام ارتباطی» نامیده می شود، در پی نقض اصول همکاری گرایس (Grice, 1975) به دست می آید. مقاله پیش رو، کوشیده با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با خوانش کاربردشناختی، استلزام ارتباطی و معانی تلویحی و ضمنی را در دو حوزه اخلاقی آفات زبان و احسان و نیکی در نهج البلاغه مورد بررسی قرار دهد، تا از این رهگذر به فهم و تفسیر دقیق تری از آن ها دست یابد. برای انجام این پژوهش، 71 پاره گفته با موضوع آفات زبان و احسان و نیکی انتخاب شد و مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. برآیند پژوهش نشان داد که امام (ع) با بینشی عمیق و به مقتضای موقعیت و شرایط، بیشتر از واژه ها و تعبیرهایی بهره برده اند که زیرمجموعه استلزام سنج ه ای و عمومی قرار دارد که دو نوع مهم از انواع استلزام به شمار می آیند. در پاره گفته های بررسی شده، فزونیِ استلزام سنج ه ای بر تعیین منزلت و جایگاه مفاهیم مورد نظر اشاره می کند و استلزام عمومی بر میزان اهمیتِ محتوای کلام دلالت دارد. از میان ویژگی های استلزام نیز این یافته به دست آمد که حذف نکردن استلزام، نشان گر ثبات عقیده و موضع امام علی(ع) در مفاهیم اخلاقی یاد شده است و تغییر ظاهری پاره گفته ها، ناشی از تناسب کلام با موقعیت های گوناگون است.
کاربردشناسی و کاربست آن در آگهی های تجاری: آگهی دورتو(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
زبان پژوهی سال سیزدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴۱
209 - 227
حوزه های تخصصی:
آگهی های تجاری، رهاورد زندگی شهری است. اگر چه در وهله نخست، سازندگان یک آگهی تجاری در پی معرفی محصول خود و اقناع مخاطبان هستند، اما نقش فرهنگ ساز و تأثیر گفتمانی آن ها در جامعه نبایست نادیده گرفته شود. هدف این پژوهش، واکاوی میزان رعایت اصول ادب در آگهی های تجاری در جایگاه گفتمان است. با واکاوی و ژرف نگری در لایه های زیرین گفتمان برخی آگهی های تجاری، می توان دریافت که گفتمان آن ها افزون بر زیر پاگذاشتن اصول ادب، به گسترش ارزش های ناپسند فرهنگی می پردازند. روش این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است و رویکرد آن نیز تلفیقی از اصول تعاون گرایس (Grice, 1975) و اصول ادب لیچ (Leech, 1983)، و اصول ادب براون و لوینسون (Brown, & Levinson, 1987) است. پیکره پژوهش شامل سه آگهی تجاری از مایع ظرف شویی دورتو است که به روش هدف مند انتخاب شده اند. این آگهی ها در فاصله زمانی سال های 1396 تا 1399 از شبکه های مختلف تلویزیون جمهوری اسلامی ایران پخش شده اند. یافته های پژوهش نمایانگر آن است که در این آگهی ها طبق اصول ادب لیچ (Leech, 1983)، اصول تأیید، تواضع و سازش رعایت نشده اند و بر مبنای اصول ادب براون و لوینسون (Brown, & Levinson, 1987) افراد از راهبردهایی مانند بیان مستقیم و صریح بهره گرفته اند که در این راهبرد بیشترین تهدید وجهه به چشم می آید. اگر چه در برخی مکالمه ها نیز سعی کرده اند از راهبردهای ادب سلبی و ایجابی استفاده کنند اما با نقض اصول ادب لیچ وجهه طرف مقابل را مورد تهدید قرار داده اند و منجر به ایجاد تنش در مکالمه ها شده اند و به این ترتیب، گفتمانی غیر مؤدبانه را ایجاد کرده اند.