norm

That falsity is a defect in belief can be captured with a prohibitive norm holding that truth is the necessary condition for permissibility of belief. Furthermore, such a formulation avoids the difficulties encountered in earlier literature that offered prescriptive norms. The normativity of belief thesis is widely discussed in the literature. I criticise bi-conditional formulation of the norm of the normativity of belief thesis which holds that truth is both the necessary and sufficient condition for the permissibility of belief formation. I argue that the part which holds that truth is the sufficient condition for the permissibility of belief formation is redundant. The argument follows from clarifying the key ideas at stake in the normativity of belief thesis, namely, that false belief is a defect and that the normativity thesis is supposed to distinguish the concept of belief from other cognitive attitudes and the slogan that belief aims at truth.

One of the most challenging approaches toward literary works is the feminist approach. After three waves of feminism through the history of literary criticism, Judith Butler has introduced a new vision that is gender-based rather than sex-based. She has strongly influenced the domain of feminism and queer theories. In her preeminent book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990), Butler sharply criticizes the former feminists for their division of men and women into two distinct groups, the latter being the underdog and the former being the superior. Butler argues that gender is a cultural and social construct. One’s gender is performative for one’s actions, which determine and construct his/her gender identity. The present paper aims at investigating Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl (2012) in terms of Butlerian concepts of gender and performativity. The novel takes advantage of certain characters to depict the idea of gender, as performative. The current study explores the concept of gendered identity focusing on the characters of Amy Elliott Dunne, Margo Dunne, and Maureen Dunne. Further investigations of the characters, particularly Detective Rhonda Boney and Amy Elliott Dunne, illustrate the link between the concept of performativity and the novel.

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of normal ethical marketing in the hotel industry. Method: This research is qualitative in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of approach, and qualitative in terms of data analysis. The statistical population was a group of hotel industry experts from whom a total of 9 people were selected as the sample by purposive sampling and theoretical saturation. The research tool was in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using theme analysis methodology. Results: According to the results of the study, the main category in this study was "the attention of hotel industry managers to ethical marketing norms." Causal conditions include knowledge of ethical norms, emphasis on upstream rules on ethical norms in marketing, modeling of the world hotel industry, training courses for hotel managers and staff on ethical norms in marketing and reforming and improving the reward and punishment system in line with ethical norms He was in the marketing of the hotel industry. Areas included "Emphasis on Ethical Decision-Making at All Levels of the Organization" and "Ethical Organizational Culture", and environmental conditions included "Societychr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s desire to comply with ethical marketing norms in the hotel industry" and "Economic problems in the country." Strategies also included the categories of "ethical hospitality" and "compliance with organizational social responsibility", which led to the consequence of "customer satisfaction of the hotel industry". Conclusion: The results of the research led to the design of a model of ethical marketing in the hotel industry and showed that ethics is a fundamental element and in developing marketing models for the hotel industry, special attention should be paid to this important issue.

Introduction: Adolescents' physical literacy and physical activity influence their lifestyle behaviors and health-related readiness into adulthood. Lack of information about the state of physical literacy has led researchers to examine the state of physical literacy in adolescents in Tehran. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and performed in the 12-18 years adolescents in Tehran. The sample was 836 adolescents selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from different areas of Tehran. Subjects 'physical literacy was assessed using the adolescents' physical literacy questionnaire. This questionnaire with three dimensions examines adolescents' physical literacy and has an internal consistency coefficient (0.951) and retest reliability (0.981). Results: The total mean scores of physical literacy in adolescents was 90.04 ± 17.12 and the desired norm was determined with a standard deviation of high and low (107.16-72.94). The results showed that adolescents' physical literacy scores in all dimensions increase with age, also, the scores were higher in boys than girls in all dimensions. Conclusion: Similar results have been reported for differences in gender and age in the Physical Literacy of Canadian children. The norm presented in this study can be a basis for measuring and comparing the levels of physical literacy of adolescents in Tehran.