مطالب

L'hybridité culturelle et l'exil constituent des thématiques importantes dans la littérature féminine maghrébine d’expression française. Dans son roman autobiographique La retournée, l’écrivaine tunisienne Fawzia Zouari représente le parcours de son héroïne exilée en quête d’identité, qui passe d’une position de culpabilité et d’exclusion à une position d’autonomie et d’agentivité grâce à son hybridité culturelle. Partant de l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’exil est une voie de l’agentivité du sujet féminin et de la liberté, et selon une approche thématique abordant l’exil, l’hybridité culturelle, l’agentivité, la déterritorialisation, nous allons répondre aux questionnements suivants, en nous appuyant sur une analyse du texte littéraire : Comment l’exil peut être la cause de l’exclusion sociale de la femme exilée après son retour à son pays d’origine ? Et comment ce même exil peut-il être un catalyseur de l'agentivité des femmes en leur offrant de nouvelles opportunités, en élargissant leurs horizons et en renforçant leur détermination à promouvoir le changement dans leur vie personnelle, et même dans leur environnement social ?

The experience of our conscience belongs in the same category as feeling, thinking and wanting. However, it has a special aspect, namely the presence of other human beings as absolute entities. The process of experience is concerned with the way to best promote your own interests, with how far you will go in actualising your essential characteristics as an absolute entity. The discussion of our urge for survival shows that we can go quite far in that respect, and that to actualise that urge, there are in fact no boundaries; everything is permitted. The same can be said about actualising our other essential characteristics, but the difference is that our need to do so is perhaps less cogently present; it is not our life, or at least not our continued material existence, that is at stake. Nonetheless, we can and may even choose to go to extremes in this respect and thus to give ourselves priority over others. Respect for the interests of others is based on self-respect, which may lead you to decide to subject your dealings with other people to a set of standards for yourself. Here we enter the area of morals and ethics, to which we can attach a complete moral philosophy and on the basis of a belief, a moral theology. At the end of this road is total love of yourself and others, because you have come to realise that it is the only way that can lead to the fourth essential characteristic of human beings as absolute entities, namely self-fulfilment. You will then have developed in a way that allows you to give yourself and others the scope we need as absolute entities (compassion, solidarity). Self-fulfilment is achieved through self-development, i.e. discovering and honing our gifts and talents and thus finding our own identity (development), a process by which the lives of human beings as absolute entities acquire purpose (the search for meaning). Self-fulfilment is self-actualisation, the state that results from the realisation of the essential characteristics of human beings as absolute entities, and it leads to satisfaction derived from ourselves or our activities, a sense of being satisfied with what we have accomplished.