مطالب

Impulsive and risky behaviors include behavioral choices that may expose people to serious risks of harm. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and impulsive and risky behaviors, the mediating role of positive and negative emotional motivations in students. In terms of purpose, the research was applied, and in terms of the implementation, the correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of the research included the students of Islamic Azad University, Babol in 1402-1403, and 200 people were selected as a sample by sampling method. Questionnaires risk tolerance of Zadeh Mohammadi et al. (2003), childhood trauma by Bernstein et al. (2003); Bernstein et al.'s childhood trauma (2003): Positive and negative effect, Watson and Telgen were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using structural equations in SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that adverse childhood experiences and negative emotional motivations have a positive and direct effect on impulsive and risky behaviors, and positive emotional motivations have a direct negative effect on impulsive and risky behaviors. Also, adverse childhood experiences have an indirect effect on impulsive and risky behaviors with the mediating role of positive and negative emotional motivations in students. Therefore, various types of abuse or neglect and ignoring their needs and types of abuse in the context of family or society can have long-term harmful effects and cause risky and impulsive behaviors in the future

Purpose: This study was aimed at analyzing the copyright laws of Iran, Australia, the U.S. and library portals, thereby providing a framework for the copyright of library resources for the NLAI while considering the current situation and the domestic Iranian laws. Method: This is an applied study falling in the category of qualitative research. Documentary analysis method and comparative method were used to resolve the problem and answer the questions of the research. The two National Library of Australia (NLA) and Library of Congress (LC) together with the NLAI formed the research community. In addition, the Iranian Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artists Rights (1970); the Australian Copyright Act (1968) and the U.S. Copyright Law (1976) were purposefully selected as three main resources among other documents and resources. Findings: Findings revealed that the dimensions of fair and non-profit use, duration of copyright, license and agreement, copyright policy, moral rights, economic rights and infringement of copyrights were the main dimensions that, along with 49 main components, formed the proposed framework for the copyright of information resources for the NLAI. Results: It should be acknowledged that there are some differences in different copyright fields between countries' laws, and each country takes into account its domestic conditions to compile and revise the laws. By following the laws of other countries, it is possible to effectively improve and develop copyright laws.

The Rentier State Theory, the Dutch disease Paradigm, and the natural resource curse are some of the dominant perspectives developed to explain the sociopolitical and economic conditions of oil-rich countries. But the important issues, neglected by these theoretical frameworks, are the high effects of intense budget dependence on oil revenues, revenue fluctuations, and the institutional framework in which policies are made. These factors determine the outcome of oil revenues to society and under this circumstance, efficient policies to deal with socioeconomic problems such as inequality are not taken. This paper aims to elucidate the mechanism of interaction between oil revenue dependency, income fluctuation, and the lack of efficient institutions to address the problem of inequality in Iran, an oil-rich country. We ask: what consequences has reliance on oil revenues had for inequality in post-revolutionary Iran?This study adopts a documentary analysis approach, relying on data drawn from reports issued by official institutions including the Central Bank of Iran, the Statistical Center of Iran, and OPEC to investigate the dynamics under consideration.The results demonstrate that both the extent and the trajectory of inequality in post-revolutionary Iran have been closely linked to fluctuations in oil revenues. Two important patterns are particularly noteworthy. First, during periods of revenue windfalls, the upper strata capture a disproportionate share of the benefits. Second, the economy’s structural dependence on oil income, together with the volatility inherent in such revenues and the absence of robust institutional frameworks, has entrenched persistent inequality, while simultaneously generating shifts in inequality that mirror the cyclical changes in oil revenues.