مطالب

Objective : In the patient care chain, medicines are essential items and play a critical role in patient recovery. Inefficient inventory management leads to drug shortages, lack of continuity of drug inventory, reduced patient safety, poor performance, distribution defects, and technological errors, which lead to drug shortages in hospital pharmacies. Providing an efficient approach can minimize costs in the supply chain. Methods : This study presented a simulation-optimization model for pharmacy inventory management. A training-learning-based optimization algorithm was used to solve the model. The model was programmed and solved in MATLAB software.  Results : Given that the initial inventory is assumed to be zero, the drug price is lower at the beginning of the year, and the number of patients is lower than in the summer. Therefore, the volume of orders is high at the start of the year. The model adjusts the level of orders so that the costs are minimal. As the disease re-emerges and the number of patients increases, demand increases in the ninth and tenth months, and the volume of orders increases again. As demand decreases at the end of the year, the volume of orders also decreases. Conclusion : By implementing the model during the planning period, while minimizing system costs, the inventory level for all drug categories will be at the desired level, and no inventory shortages will occur.

Al-Farabi's practical philosophy is one of the most important pillars of his thought on the relationship between knowledge, politics, and human happiness. This article examines Al-Farabi's reading of Greek practical philosophy, especially the ideas of Aristotle and Plato, in the context of Islamic thought. Al-Farabi, as the founder of Islamic philosophy and a second teacher, attempted to reinterpret the Greek rational system within the framework of the religious Medina. by accepting the epistemological and ontological foundations of Greek philosophy, he attempted to create a synthesis between practical philosophy and the Islamic civil system. This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and examines Farabi's practical philosophy and its relationship with the concept of "Mellah". It uses content analysis to examine key concepts such as "Medina Fazeleh", "Rais awwal" and "Mellah" in Farabi's works. The findings of the research show that by introducing the first head (philosopher-prophet), Al-Farabi is trying to design a social system in which reason and revelation are aligned with a common goal (realization of Qasavi's happiness) and social relations and civil order are regulated and mapped on the natural order. In this system, philosophy and religion complement each other as two paths for the transmission of rational knowledge and public persuasion in society. The results of the research show that Al-Farabi designed an independent system that, although inspired by Greek philosophy, has an independent logic within its intellectual framework.

The present study is devoted to determining the relationship between religious and legal norms in the regulatory framework governing organ transplantation as a method of treating diseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It has been established that the set of normative acts regulating this field consists of the fatwas of the Supreme Leaders, as well as laws and subordinate regulatory legal acts. The author concludes that in contemporary Iran, religious norms – by legitimizing transplantation (including from unrelated donors and even from animals) – have been flexibly adapted to the needs of Iranian society. As a result of the study, the author finds that at the present stage in the Islamic Republic of Iran a balance has been achieved between the requirements of religion and legal norms in the regulation of transplantation. This balance has allowed the country to emerge as a world leader in meeting the demand for donor organs.

Based on Shulman's (1986) concept of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) emerged and became a helpful framework for comprehending the objectives of using technology in pre-service teacher training programs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate Iranian pre-service EFL teachers’ (PSEFLTs) perceptions towards their TPACK regarding their gender and academic year of study. To this aim, 254 Iranian PSEFLTs across various academic years of study filled out a 39-item EFL TPACK questionnaire developed by Baser et al. (2016). The questionnaire included seven categories: Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), Technology Knowledge (TK), PCK, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). Based on the collected data, which were subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc analysis, it was found that PSEFLTs generally held mildly favorable perceptions towards their TPACK. Notably, the lowest mean score was observed for the TK component, while the component with the highest mean score was the CK component. In terms of the gender effect, statistically significant differences were found in the TK and TPCK dimensions, where males outscored females in both TK and TPCK and females outscored males in CK. Furthermore, an examination of the relationship between participants' TPACK and their academic years of study manifested a statistically significant difference primarily between freshmen and seniors. The results are expected to encourage curriculum planners to develop PSEFLTs’ training programs by integrating technology courses into the ELT curriculum.