مطالب

 This study presents a comparative cognitive analysis of repartee—a strategic, adversarial form of verbal interaction characterized by rapid response, subversion, and parallelism—across Persian, Arabic, and English. Repartee is conceptualized as a linguistic duel wherein the responder (H) reconfigures the initiator’s (S) utterance through deliberate mirroring, thereby inverting its intended meaning. This research addresses a notable gap in the literature, as most prior studies have focused primarily on European languages, leaving the cognitive and structural underpinnings in non-European traditions underexplored. Focusing on two core mechanisms, the study examines Structural Parallelism—defined as the replication of the syntactic or logical framework of the initiating utterance to produce a counter-response with an inverted evaluative focus—and Polysemous Parallelism, which exploits inherent lexical ambiguity to reassign meaning and subvert the original communicative intent. Employing Langacker’s (2001) Current Discourse Space (CDS) model, the analysis demonstrates how hyper-understanding and figure-ground reversal operate within the CDS to reconfigure shared conceptual structures. Qualitative analysis of 150 repartee instances (50 per language) reveals universal cognitive strategies: (1) responders detect and subvert implicit assumptions via syntactic/lexical mirroring, and (2) reorient evaluative hierarchies by shifting the figure (salient focus) and ground (contextual assumptions) within the CDS.

Purpose- Protected Area Tourism, despite its economic potential, can pose threats to natural resources and disrupt the balance of rural regions if not properly managed. This study aims to propose strategies for achieving sustainable rural development through tourism while simultaneously conserving environmental values in the Khartouran protected area. The village of Qaleh Bala in Shahrud was selected as the case study. Design/methodology/approach- This research employed a qualitative approach using thematic analysis based on nine semi-structured interviews with tourism stakeholders. Participants were selected through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework, and the process was conducted using MAXQDA software. Findings- The results reveal that the impacts of tourism on rural development fall into three dimensions: economic, sociocultural, and environmental. Economically, tourism has contributed to diversifying the local economy, creating jobs, and increasing income. However, it has also raised the cost of living, generated unstable employment, and intensified the village’s economic dependency on nearby cities. In the sociocultural dimension, interactions between tourists and residents have revived handicrafts, strengthened local identity, and enhanced social interactions. Yet, they have also led to cultural clashes, lifestyle changes, and the weakening of traditional values. Environmentally, tourism has raised ecological awareness and reduced pressure on natural resources by decreasing reliance on agriculture and livestock. Nevertheless, the high volume of tourists has increased stress on water and soil resources, resulting in ecosystem degradation. For sustainable management of tourism in protected areas, effective strategies include developing comprehensive plans, educating local communities and tourists, enforcing strict environmental regulations, improving sustainable infrastructure, promoting ecotourism, diversifying rural livelihoods, and ensuring continuous monitoring of tourism activities. Originality / Value- By adopting a qualitative approach and focusing on one of Iran’s most ecologically sensitive regions, this study provides an in-depth, multidimensional analysis of tourism impacts in protected areas. Its innovation lies in simultaneously identifying both the positive and negative effects of tourism across economic, sociocultural, and environmental dimensions and in offering realistic, context-specific management strategies to foster sustainable rural development within the framework of environmental conservation.