درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Understanding  human  being  is a fundamental quest and a core concern of human thought, with many sciences and branches of knowledge relying on diligent inquiry and research into its various dimensions. This study with an analytical-contemplative approach examines the nature of humanity from the perspective of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, the founder of The Philosophy of Illumination (Hikmat al-Ishraq). Suhrawardi, through a synthesis of philosophical, mystical, and revelatory traditions, considers human being as a luminous being. their soul (nafs), conceptualized as the "Esfahbadi Light," is an immaterial substance that is creation in time (hadith), not eternal. This luminous soul, originating from the Highest Divine Realm, connects with the body in a managing (tadbirī), rather than imprinting, manner and it acts as a manager that controls the body. Drawing upon his system of light, Suhrawardi explains the relationship between the soul and the body not as a union or indwelling, but as an "affectionate attraction (ʿalāqa shāwqi)," akin to a magnet's pull on iron. He substantiates origination of the Soul through four arguments and robustly affirms its immateriality (tajarrud) using three key proofs: the changeability of bodily organs, the indication of "I-ness" (anāniyya), and the impossibility of substantial decomposition. In Suhrawardi's philosophical system, the perfection of the soul hinges on human being  's luminous journey through asceticism, detachment, and intellectual illuminations. This process allows the soul to ascend through the stages of material intellect (ʿaql hayūlānī), intellect in possession (bi'l-malaka), actual intellect (bi'l-fiʿl), and acquired intellect (mustafād). Death is not annihilation but rather the shedding of the Esfahbadi Light from the darkness of the body and a return to the true "East" (the world of Dominant Lights). This perspective, by emphasizing the survival of the souls of the righteous and wise after death, establishes an unbreakable link between epistemology, the metaphysics of light, and practical spiritual discipline within The Philosophy of Illumination.

The philosophy of conventional language and its central signifier, i.e. speech acts, enjoy some general characteristics such as "language as act", "social determination of meaning", "construction of social reality", "methods of linguistic philosophy", "attributive meaning", "phenomenon of the use and application of meaning", and "totalism and reliance on rules". On the other hand, the science of principles of jurisprudence, which has the main contribution to the inference and exploration of Sharia rulings, has also benefited from these elements during its historical milestones. In this article, an attempt has been made to identify the main elements of conventional language philosophy and speech acts in the science of contemporary principles of jurisprudence by means of comparative, analytical and possibly ijtihad methods and based on a study that takes place at three historical points. First, the theory of credibility of Mohaghegh Esfahani and its continuation in the view of Allameh Tabatabai is examined, and then we will try to examine the possibilities in the theory of Shahid Sadr as a speech act; and in the end, in the outline of the Islamic thought of the Supreme Leader and Imam Khomeini, the article deals with a kind of speech act that has provided the root of the Islamic revolution and a kind of social reality.