درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world, so it is important to know it as well as possible to design interventions to reduce it in society. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between depression with cognitive fusion and defense mechanisms. This research is descriptive-correlation type. The research population was the students of Kashan University in the academic year of 2023-2024, and 350 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. Research tools included Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire-40 (DSQ-40). Data analysis was done using SPSS-26 software and Pearson correlation coefficient. The obtained findings showed that depression is positively correlated with cognitive fusion and immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.01). But the relationship between depression and mature defense mechanisms such as humor and sublimation was negative and significant (P < 0.01). These findings show that depression is related to unhealthy thought processes such as cognitive fusion and immature and neurotic defense mechanisms, and therefore attention should be paid to this issue in the field of treatment.

Objective: One of the most common childhood disorders is attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of child-parent relationship trianing and Barkley’s parent training in behavioral-emotional problems of children with ADHD.Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with a son with ADHD. These mothers’ children were studying in one of the primary schools in Ahvaz in the academic year 2021-2022. They were selected through random clusters sampling method and randomly were assigned to child- parent relationship therapy (n = 15), Barkley's parent training (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Moreover, Clinical interview, Children’s Behavior Checklist and SNAP-IV training Scale were instruments of collecting data. Achenbach Behavior Scale was used to collect data. The child-parent relationship group participated in ten 60-minute sessions; the Barkley’s parent training group participated in fifteen 60-minute sessions. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance using SPSS software (version 25).Results:  The results of intragroup effects showed that child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training were effective in the behavioral-emotional problems in the posttest phase (P < 0.05); they reduced children's emotional-behavioral problems. However, the effects were not sustained (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training in children's emotional-behavioral problems (P < 0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the study, child-parent relationship therapy and Barkley’s parent training were effective in emotional-behavioral problems of children with ADHD. Therefore, clinical psychologists and counselors are recommended to use these methods to reduce emotional-behavioral problems of children with ADHD.