درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The impacts of climate change pose a potential threat to peace as defined in the United Nations Charter. Currently, there are few concrete examples of violent conflicts directly induced by climate change, and our understanding of future projections remains limited. Many researchers contend that it is not climate change itself that precipitates conflict, but rather issues such as poor governance of water resources that serve as the primary drivers. This paper examines the competency of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in addressing the effects of climate change to either mitigate the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Various recommendations have been proposed for the UNSC in its dealings with the adverse impacts of climate change. These include refraining from involvement, adopting coercive measures, resorting to military force, ending impunity for environmental crimes, requesting advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), imposing sanctions, opting for non-response, and utilizing legislative competencies or authorizing measures. However, given the existence of multilateral climate treaties and other relevant forums, immediate action by the UNSC may be unnecessary. Additionally, the withdrawal of certain Permanent Members from the Paris Agreement complicates the Council's ability to advocate for compulsory actions in support of climate initiatives.

Background and Theoretical Basis: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil Supply Portfolio (on Sea and Land) because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. Methodology: The supply risks are first identified based on the opinion of experts, all of whom are experts in the National Iranian Oil Company, especially in the contracts department, and then weighted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Findings: The major countries importing oil from Iran are then ranked based on weight. Next, the result of this rating is entered into the mathematical programming model. The results of solving the model indicate the optimal oil supply portfolio and the best countries for oil exports are determined accordingly. Conclusion: One of the most important concerns of most oil-exporting countries is determining the optimal oil supply portfolio because the non-commitment of buyer countries can cause serious damage to the revenue sources of exporting countries due to their high need for oil exports. In this study, the optimal oil supply portfolio is selected based on destination country and transfer risks by combining content analysis, fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making, and mathematical programming techniques. The proposed model suggests that the optimal oil supply portfolio can be determined. In this way, it is possible to determine how much of the export of petroleum products should be allocated to an importing country according to issues such as cost and risk. The results can be generalized to other industries. Thus, future studies can examine the proposed model for the export of other products, including mineral or agricultural products. In other words, the major importing countries can be determined, and optimal allocation to them can be made based on criteria such as risk and cost.