درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Energy efficiency is one of the most important lessons which may be learnt from all kinds of traditional buildings especially in oriental countries such as Iran. It is very important to explain and rethink about courtyard as an invaluable archetypes in traditional architecture of Iran. Literature review of the paper show that courtyard in general, is a place in which family in all kinds, gather for inter-generation relationships. In traditional architecture of Iran courtyard enjoys some practical functions as well as metaphorical ideas. This paper is to make a comparative modeling of summer courtyard and winter courtyard for cold climate with particular reference to Iranian cold climate in North West parts in which most of winter times, conventional courtyards are useless because of harsh climate. Thus the research focuses on analyzing temperature of courtyard in once in case – winter courtyard; and then in control – summer courtyard. Methodology of the paper focuses on case – control techniques in which one sample plays the role of case and the other sample is considered as control. Ardebil traditional houses selected as case studies of the research for modeling. The results of the paper emphasize on efficiency of winter courtyard in comparison with summer courtyard.

In the architecture of Iranian traditional houses, the ornamentations available in the inscriptions of houses entrance portal express the identity of architects and personality of houses owners and are rooted in their religious and national beliefs and faiths. The main hypothesis of this research is changing the physique and application of religious contents in compliance with the thoughts and beliefs of people in Dezfoul historical city in the epigraphs of houses entrance portals. The objective of this study is reviewing the development trend of texts, concepts and physique of inscriptions as well as analyzing the factors effective on the quality and diversity of application of inscriptions. The present research is an applied study and descriptive-analytical method has been applied, and the data was collected by library and survey studies. The population of this research includes historical houses, houses damages in war (Iran & Iraq) and renovated and new tissue and new-built houses of Dezfoul, from Qajar era so far. Random sampling method has been applied in this study and dispersal area includes the city. Data analysis method in this study is qualitative and quantitative. The results of this study indicate that today the inscriptions available in the entrance portal of houses in Dezfoul comparing to inscriptions in Qajar1 and Pahlavi2 era is very simple and has lower aesthetic value. One of causes for such superficial and contextual gap between inscriptions seems to be the war and renovations during and after destruction.

Islamic architecture has been a great influence on different parts of the world, even so there are some similar factors, but the aspect of culture will make the polarization between them. Upon the vast spread that Muslims had in the 7th century (A.D.) Islamic culture and belief moved in different continents from the Fareast parts of Asia to the west of the Mediterranean. At the beginning Islam had no specific architecture but with passing of time each and every culture started their own art and architecture and from that beginning Iran was a special primary of this field and of the many dynasties of this country Safavid was one of the highest valued among them all. One of the most important aspects of traditional architecture is there proportion value that holds a great part of the aesthetical valence. The aim of this paper is to know that if there is a common connection within various types of Safavid architecture as a group or individual system. The secondary goal of this study is to see if there is an aesthetic relation between Iranian proportion and European golden ratio. In this study we have surveyed various buildings, in one of the most influence architecture eras of Iranian Islamic architecture and at an end result believe that depending on their functionality the proportion values differ among them.

Malay home surroundings is varies in plants pattern as well as a variety of size. The plants species cultivated own their particular reasons. Malay house environment is so harmony with humans, Mother Nature also culture relationship has visualise a unique environmental design. In this accomplishing research, it will provide an understanding of plants adoption of Malay house environment. Environment factor and socio-culture dominates planting pattern of Malay house environment. The cultivated plant species purpose is not only for beautifying the view only but also involve food, medicine, cosmetic, belief and also aesthetic values factor. This research use Paine and Taylor approach that emphasize four factors of nature, culture, view and meaning to obtain wider range of vision from informants in this field to provide a wider point of understanding in comprehending plants adoption pattern. The environment of Malay society life is much near with Mother Nature has influence plants landscape pattern at their home yard/ lawn. The plants selection planted were much influenced with Malay society’s lifestyle.

Housing can be considered as one of the most important needs of each family and the provision of suitable housing for people has always been considered as one of the indicators of progress in any country. Because of the specific attitude to the issue of housing in Iran, in other words, turning it into an investment, the major part of the households' income has been accounted for housing. Given the importance of the matter, housing in Iran is affected by factors that often are considered as markers to assess the recession or boom in this sector. Among these factors, sociocultural, economic, and demographic indicators can be noted that play a very important role in the formation of housing patterns and are considered a basis to assess mutual impressions of each of the above factors in this sector. This paper is aimed to exامینe how each of the economic, cultural, social, and demographic indicators has effect on the current housing situation in Iran. This paper attempts to analyze independent and interactive effects of each of the indicators on the housing sector by the method of content analysis and library and then continues to find ways to improve what is seen in the housing typology. The results suggest that changes in cultural indicators have the most profound impact on housing typology in long-term period, while changes in economic factors affecting the housing pattern is very transient, superficial, and short-term.

As it is commonly understood, Urban neighborhoods play a significant role in developing urban sustainability as the smallest unit of city so that the formation and promotion of neighborhood identity, and focusing on social relationships would be in harmony with urban sustainability. It is believed that a dramatic change in spatial structure of urban neighborhood include a decline in levels of political, social and economic role of neighborhoods as long as they have had some disadvantages such as environmental pollution, marginalization, poor housing, socialpsychological and cultural damages, and particularly losing spiritual and material values as well in the recent decades. To limit these disadvantages associated with communities, neighborhood centers should be designed. The purpose of this study will analyze the concept of neighborhoods and neighborhoods’ centers and their effects on urban sustainability by descriptive- analytical approach and by gathering information through libraries and reviewing documents. This paper engages in analyzing components, dimensions, factors of sustainability and neighborhoods centers that integrated in the final model which characterized by practical-economic, environmental, empirical- aesthetic components; and, the validity of the used questionnaires based on factors of this model with 387 subjects (the selected sample) and the reliability of the questionnaires by using Cronbach Alpha through Bartlett Test and KMO factor at high level of 0/85 was proved. The level of significance of each component was reexامینed by concerning their effects on urban sustainability. By applying multiple- regression test, the statistical outcomes reveal that designing based on environmental components have the utmost impact on neighborhoods sustainability.