درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Green Marketing is becoming a buzz for the society nowadays and people start shifting their demands towards a product which is related towards environmental safeguard. Nowadays companies from different industries sectors are showing their keen interest and taking various initiatives towards green marking. Electronic products having eco safeguard and are less detrimental to the environment are labeled as Energy star by United States Environmental Protection Agency In the United States, 2% of annual electricity consumption accounts for personal computers. The requirement of Energy Star labels is of computers, which possesses 65 % more efficiency label than regular products. By adopting these computers, $1.2 billion will be saved by the industries over the product’s life. In the year 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency Partnership with Walmart based on Green Power recognized Walmart in the United States as the largest green power generator. In year 2012, Walmart was able to deliver 297 million more cases while reducing the drive by 11 million miles, which in 2012 alone increases fleet efficiency by 10 percent. This present study aims to identify emerging areas in green marketing in different sectors of industries exploring the scope and effectiveness of the same in developing countries.

The main purpose of this paper is to explain the factors affecting the change of service land uses in the city of Shiraz and identify its reasons. For this purpose, the second-order confirmatory factor analysis technique has been used as one of the structural equation modeling techniques to determine the severity of the effect of the four factors on land use change, through which a contributing framework for the effects of the four factors (physical, activity, economic, accessibility) on land use change is obtained. Finally, the extent and direction of the factors affecting the realization of service land uses in the city of Shiraz are explained using the structural equation model (SEM). In order to achieve these goals, 50 variables affecting 600 plots in Shiraz city are extracted through field method. The variables are investigated and analyzed using GIS maps, Amos and SPSS software, and a series of bi-variable correlations in a table called correlation matrix or covariance, the most notably of which are confirmatory factor analysis and SEM. The results of the research show that, in total, the selected four factors have a significant effect on the land use change. It is such that the standardized weights of regression for "the effect of the access factor on land use change", "the effect of the economic factor on land use change", "the effect of the activity factor on land use change", and "the effect of the physical factor on land use change" are 0.91, 0.78, 0.65, and 0.56, respectively.

Considering the determinant role of energy efficiency opportunities in the building sector, proposing guidelines and technical solutions in order to improve the thermal performance of glazing systems is in priority in Iran and other countries. In glazing systems, a substantial amount of radiative heat transfer results from absorption and emission. Applying low-E (low emissivity) coatings on the glazing system is a solution for reducing the radiative heat transfer by radiation in glazing systems, without a noticeable decrease of visible light transmittance. By selecting the proper glazing type, in a hot climate, the amount of solar heat gain can be reduced significantly. Vice versa, in cold climate, the heat loss by long wave radiation of inner surfaces can be reduced. In this paper, first, the thermal and optical characteristics of local clear and Low-E glasses have been measured in BHRC (Road, Housing & Urban Development (National) Research Center) laboratory, by the spectrophotometer and then the thermal performance of single and double glazing units, with and without low-E coating, in different orientations (North, South, East and West) are computed, compared and analyzed for cold (Ardebil) and hot (Bandar-Abbas) climates in Iran. The selection of these two cities is based on maximum heating and cooling degree day values obtained respectively for Ardebil and Bandar-Abbas. The simulation results indicate that using double clear glazing unit with low-E coating reduces the energy consumption significantly in very hot climates, using mostly electrical energy for cooling. In cold climates like Ardebil, double glazing with low-E coating has a minor impact on annual heating load, because of the great amount of thermal radiation, even in the cold season, the high cost of low-e coating and the considerable payback time, compared to the building life cycle.

The intervention of urban design in Irans architectural structures has been for many years a challenging issue for architects and urban designers over their professional realm. The preservation of architectural structures in Iran has always resorted to extremes. This control and direction has sometimes resulted in exclusion of architecture position and has sometimes, once faced with lack of proper direction, led to confusion in urban realm and environment. This study reviews the theoretical literature including issues such as context, urban design realm as well as urban design control and then investigates a number of case studies selected from urban design measures carried out in Iran in order to identify the weaknesses and the reasons behind them. In regard to the theoretical basis achieved through literature review and the current procedures in Iran and also an analytic framework research, it seems that through modification of the executive system, implementation process for projects, application of urban design review tools for projects controlling, attention to gradual enlargement of cities and lack of certainty in design predictions in urban design process, the current challenge in Iran among architects and urban designers can be minimized. So the results of this analysis will illustrate a new vision- a native one - for alternative policies in relation between architecture structures and urban design controls.