درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The method of metaphysics: Metaphysics is empirical but depends not, like the sciences, on recondite experience but on close attention to aspects of everyday experience we ordinarily scarcely notice. "Real" is a broader concept than "exists" (which applies only to particulars) and also applies to phenomena, kinds, and laws, which are real, but not, of course, existent entities. But "there are real kinds, laws, etc." doesn't imply that all the kinds and laws we believe are real, are. I call my approach "Innocent Realism" because--though it's certainly not naive--it requires attending to experience, so far as possible, without substantial preconceptions. There is one real world, enormously varied but also integrated. It includes physical stuff, kinds, laws, etc. and, here on earth, a vast array of human artifacts, physical, social, intellectual, and imaginative, all intimately interconnected. All this requires human mindedness (a better word than "mind" because it doesn't suggest that human mentality is an organ like the heart or the liver). Rather, it's a complex congeries of dispositions and abilities: to understand even such a relatively simple thing as what's involved in someone's believing something, we need to take account of the person's dispositions to behavior, verbal and otherwise; to the neurophysiological realizations of these dispositions; and to their connections to the world and to words in the person's linguistic community--this last requiring other people's words-world connection. "Virtual" reality is just one more computer artifact, clever, no doubt, but not metaphysically startling. It's oversold, but this is advertising hype, not serious metaphysics.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش معنا در زندگی و چشم انداز زمانی در پیش بینی تبعیت از درمان بیمارانِ قلبی عروقی با سابقه آنژیوگرافی انجام شد. طرح پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه بیماران قلبی عروقی با سابقه آنژیوگرافی مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان فوق تخصصی قلب شهید چمران اصفهان در سال 1402 بود. نمونه پژوهش شامل 169 نفر بیمار با سابقه ی آنژیوگرافی بود که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسش نامه تبعیت از درمان سید فاطمی و همکاران (1397)، چشم انداز زمانی زیمباردو و بوید (1999) و معنا در زندگی استگر و همکاران (2006) استفاده شد. داده های پژوهش با روش ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد ابعاد معنا در زندگی و ابعاد چشم انداز زمانی با تبعیت از درمان رابطه معنادار دارد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به روش سلسله مراتبی نشان داد ابعاد معنا در زندگی، 46 درصد از واریانس تبعیت از درمان را تبیین می کند. این یافته ها بیان می کند که تبعیت از درمان تحت تاثیر معنا در زندگی و چشم انداز زمانی است. بنابراین می توان با تدوین برنامه های آموزشی مبتنی بر معنا در زندگی و تعدیلِ چشم انداز زمانی در جهت افزایش تبعیت از درمان بیماران قلبی عروقی که با استفاده از تست تشخیصی آنژیوگرافی در معرض خطر تشخیص داده شده اند، اقدام نمود تا با پیشگیری ثانویه از وخیم تر شدن بیماری جلوگیری کرد.

La présente recherche a été menée dans le but d’identifier les éléments de préservation de la dignité de la femme et d’expliquer le rôle éducatif de cette dignité dans le mode de vie islamique. Il convient de noter que nous avons utilisé une méthode descriptive-analytique pour mener cette étude. En effet, après avoir examiné les sources disponibles sur le sujet, les données de la recherche ont été collectées à l’aide de formulaires, puis analysées selon des méthodes qualitatives. Les résultats obtenus identifient six composantes clés pour préserver la dignité de la femme : la connaissance de ses capacités naturelles et acquises, la prise en compte des conséquences sur sa dignité, la valorisation de la pudeur, l’estime de soi, et la connaissance de ses droits. Par ailleurs, cinq rôles éducatifs ont été identifiés dans le mode de vie islamique : la formation d’une personnalité épanouie, le renforcement de la spiritualité, l’adoption d’un comportement digne et honorable, le contrôle de soi face aux mauvaises influences, et le développement du sens des responsabilités sociales. Accorder de l’attention à ces différents aspects peut orienter la vie des femmes dans la société vers un style de vie plus en accord avec les valeurs religieuses.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of traffic culture education on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of middle school students in District 12 of Tehran. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and is applied in terms of purpose. In terms of data type, this research is quantitative, and in terms of time, it is a cross-sectional research. The statistical population was 4756 high school students in District 12 of Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected by random cluster sampling of 40 seventh-grade students in two groups of 20 (experimental group and control group). The research tools of the educational package included pedestrians, vehicle occupants, urban cycling, public transportation, rights and duties of citizenship in traffic, and a researcher-made questionnaire that its content validity was determined by the Lavshe index (0.62) and formal validity by the opinion of elites and reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test (0.80). Descriptive statistics (central and dispersion indices), inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, independent t-test, and paired t-test), and SPSS16 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that traffic education had a significant positive and direct effect on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of students.

Given the significant role of corrective feedback and individual differences in the process of foreign language acquisition, in the present study we set out to investigate the effect of direct and indirect corrective feedback on impulsive and reflective EFL learners’ writing accuracy. Sixty learners were selected and randomly assigned to three groups including two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received indirect feedback, the second experimental group received direct feedback, and the control group received no feedback. The instrument employed in this study to determine the impulsivity or reflectivity of the participants was Barratt's impulsiveness scale. Writing accuracy was scored by the scale provided by Karim and Nassaji. The results revealed that both direct and indirect corrective feedbacks were effective in reducing the written errors of all the earners. Moreover, no significant difference was found between direct and indirect corrective feedbacks in terms of increasing writing accuracy. Although there was no significant difference between the impulsive and reflective learners’ performance, the mean scores showed that the latter seemed to benefit more from indirect type of the feedback while their counterparts showed better performance after receiving direct feedback. The findings have implications for EFL teachers and learners.

Les diverses recherches effectuées sous l’étiquette de féminisme dans différents domaines d’étude, ayant un dénominateur commun, à savoir, la femme, sont fondées sur l'affirmation que les structures sociales et culturelles de tous les pays ont toujours opprimé les femmes physiquement, économiquement et mentalement et sur la conviction qu'il faut mettre un terme à une telle oppression. Or, ce label de féminisme donne lieu souvent à des divergences d’interprétation entre les personnes qui l’emploient. Le quiproquo se multiplie avec les termes «au féminin», «féminin» et «de femme», utilisés de nos jours dans de nombreuses expressions telles que «critique littéraire féminine/féministe» ou «éthique féminine/féministe», «littérature de femme/au féminin/ féminine/féministe» pour n’en citer que quelques exemples restreints. Quelle en est la différence? Toute qualification ‘féminine’ est forcément ‘féministe’ ou vice versa? Cet article se propose, dans une perspective généalogique et rétrospective, de cerner les contours et les évolutions de la pensée féministe, les orientations et les sensibilités qui en découlent. Pour ce faire, il faut savoir de prime abord de quoi se soucie le féminisme dans les différentes périodes de son cheminement, pour pouvoir ensuite déceler son évolution historique et théorique. Ce recul destiné à une clarification conceptuelle de la notion de recherche féministe s’avère nécessaire dans la mesure où il nous permettra de voir la manière dont les études féministes se sont construites en France; un champ d’études interdisciplinaire en sciences humaines, toujours en pleine essor.