درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research explores fictional representations of the Iraq War by American writers, focusing on how neglecting soldiers’ individuality renders their psychological suffering invisible. This theme is especially prominent in American literature on the Iraq War, where protagonists — often American soldiers — experience deep psychological crises and struggle to reintegrate into civilian life. Kevin Powers' The Yellow Birds and Roy Scranton’s War Porn portray the war’s devastating consequences and lasting impact on soldiers. Even after returning home, these soldiers face ongoing psychological battles. Using theories of Survival Psychology and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, this paper analyzes how these novels illuminate the American war in Iraq and its far-reaching effects. The war affected not only Iraqi civilians but also American combatants, inflicting enduring psychological harm. This study identifies a recurring pattern of destruction that affects both the external environment and individual identity. By highlighting the psychological trauma and the depersonalization of soldiers’ suffering in War Porn and The Yellow Birds , the paper exposes the complex and often baffling aftermath of war. These narratives reveal how war continues to shape the lives of American veterans long after combat ends, offering a deeper understanding of the hidden psychological toll of modern warfare.

Objective: Infertility is not merely a medical condition affecting women but a biopsychosocial health issue that encompasses lower quality of life, psychiatric disorders, and even marital conflicts. The aim of this study was to predict marital intimacy based on infertility stigma and coping strategies in infertile women. Method: This applied research was descriptive-correlational in nature. The population included all infertile women in Tehran in the year 2020. From this group, 250 participants were selected using purposive sampling. The participants were assessed using the Thompson and Walker (1983) Marital Intimacy Scale, Fu’s (2014) Perceived Infertility Stigma Scale, and Folkman and Lazarus’s (1985) Coping Strategies Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 23. Findings: Data analysis revealed that infertility stigma and coping strategies significantly predict marital intimacy in infertile women at the 0.01 level (p < .01, F(6, 249) = 45.877). Infertility stigma and coping strategies explained 53.1% of the variance in marital intimacy. The t-tests for significance in regression for self-devaluation (β = -.189, p = .001), social rejection (β = -.143, p = .003), family shame (β = -.279, p = .001), emotion-focused coping style (β = .351, p = .001), and problem-focused coping style (β = .251, p = .001) were significant at the level below .01. Among the sub-scales of infertility stigma, family shame and among the coping strategies, emotion-focused coping style had a more significant unique contribution in predicting marital intimacy. Conclusion: Infertility stigma and coping strategies can be used to predict marital intimacy among infertile women.

Commercial transactions at the international level, especially by sea, have certain risks, because the companies that enter into these transactions, for various reasons, including not studying the laws and laws of the opposite country and not predicting the risks caused by the economic, political, cultural, etc. crisis, as well as Due to the fact that the process of sending goods and receiving money between distant countries has a higher risk than domestic transactions or through air and land, they suffer harmful and sometimes irreparable effects. Planning and knowledge of legal solutions to reduce and prevent risk can pave the way for safe transactions. Risks can be transferred or minimized. In this article, the types of transaction risks in international sales contracts are discussed. Legal solutions to reduce and prevent them are also suggested. Having an international lawyer in the first place can identify these risks and prevent financial damages. But many risks are predictable and some of the ways to identify them are mentioned in this article.

Aim: The present study investigated the moderating role of interpersonal mindfulness in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict.Method: The Research method is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population consists of married students of Alzahra and Tehran University, and 182 people were randomly selected by sampling by multi-stage cluster method. Questionnaires on interpersonal mindfulness (IMS), interpersonal sensitivity (ISS), and marital conflict (MCQ) were given them. Statistical data analysis at the descriptive and inferential levels was performed with SPSS and Smart-PLS 3. Result: Partial least square-structural equation modeling showed a significant positive association between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict (β= .43, t= 6.47 > 2.58, p < 0.001) and the interaction effect of interpersonal mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity had a significant relationship with marital conflict (β = .15, T-values= 2.43, p < 0.05. Thus, the moderating role of interpersonal mindfulness in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict was confirmed.Conclusion: couples with a high level of interpersonal sensitivity are likely to experience more marital conflict, and the predictive effect of interpersonal sensitivity on marital conflict   is significantly weakened by increasing the level of interpersonal mindfulness, thus interpersonal mindfulness plays a moderating role in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict. Therefore, interpersonal mindfulness training is suggested to family counselors to reduce conflicts and marital problems in couples who suffer from interpersonal sensitivity. In addition, The findings of this research can provide valuable information for families, psychologists, and society.