درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Lexicalization-patterns, the way words are mapped onto concepts, differ from one language to another. This study investigated the influence of first language (L1) lexicalization patterns on the processing of second language (L2) words in sentential contexts by both less proficient and more proficient Persian learners of English. The focus was on cases where two different senses of a polysemous word in Persian are realized by two independent words in English. For example, Persian uses ‘ماه’ to refer to both ‘moon’ and ‘month’ in English. In the present study, the researchers examined the processing of English translations (moon, month) of polysemous Persian words such as ‘ماه’ in a semantic anomaly judgment task. The participants who were two groups of more proficient and less proficient Persian learners of English were presented with two types of anomalous sentences: anomalous test sentences in which one of the two English words (e.g., month) was used in a context where the other word (e.g., moon) was appropriate (e.g., “A pleasant thing to watch at night is a full month”) and anomalous control sentences in which the same word was used in a context where neither of the two words was appropriate (e.g., “A pleasant thing to eat at night is a full month”). The participants were asked to judge, as quickly and accurately as possible, whether the final word could complete the sentence meaningfully (YES response) or whether the final word was semantically unacceptable (NO response). The participants’ reaction time (RT) for correct No responses and their error rates were recorded using DMDX, a psycholinguistics experimentation software package. Using two General Linear Model Repeated Measures, a main effect of sentence type was obtained in the analysis of both RT and errors. Also, there was an interaction between sentence type and proficiency level in the analysis of both RT and errors. The results are discussed in terms of the activation of the semantic specifications of L1 translation equivalent of L2 words.

The question of the division of countries in today's international system and its adaptation to the types of assets in Shi'a International Relations jurisprudence are among the questions that are dealt with in International Relations Jurisprudence. In the present article, the authors have discussed the idea that it is possible to reconcile jurisprudence with today's international system. For this purpose, in the first step based on the library and documentary method, the required information was collected and then using content analysis method to identify the conceptual system of the Shiites in Shi'a jurisprudence. The result of the discussion suggests that the jurisprudential view of Islamic and non-Islamic lands is not only obsolete but also in the jurisprudential works of jurists of the Islamic Revolution and jurisprudents of this period, in their jurisprudential view of international relations, have adhered to the same jurisprudential divisions of the previous jurists and have attempted to present jurisprudential rulings in the field of international relations under these divisions.