درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Voting is one of the most significant ways for individuals to make a say in the government’s decision-making. A ballot is the bedrock to democracy which may be also argued as a formal expression of choice for a candidate or a proposed solution to an issue. The low turnout rate in the recent Malaysian by-election in Johor, Malacca and Sarawak as well as the 15th General Election (GE15) has led to the discussion on the rights to vote and not to vote. The primary issue to be addressed in this article is whether the right not to vote violates morality in the political context and whether or not such a right constitutes freedom of expression. Furthermore, the relationship between the state and the people will also be studied further in order to determine the responsibilities of the people. The primary objective of this article is to determine the relationship between low voter turnout rates from certain groups of communities and the validity of their decision to vote or not to vote in a legal and moral paradigm. The authors will collect data from primary and secondary sources such as books and journals related to the right to vote and not to vote in different political systems. The authors will also analyze data from books, journals, articles and more to make reasonable comparisons between the democratic system in Malaysia and in other countries that discuss the right not to vote. 

Making decisions regarding capital structure is among the most challenging issues ahead for firms and the most critical decisions for their survival. On the other hand, several significant aspects, such as behavioral factors, have been overlooked in this field. Thus, the present study mainly seeks to identify the factors affecting capital structure in Iranian firms, emphasizing the role of behavioral factors. The present study employs mixed qualitative and quantitative research methods. From the qualitative point of view, capital market experts were inquired, and theoretical saturation was achieved using the snowball method. After the interviews, research components were extracted through coding. The opinions of a group of experts and managers of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were used in the quantitative section, and a structural equation form was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis on the research model. A total of 63 concepts in the form of six categories were identified at the first stage, which was reduced to 58 in the form of six categories and was confirmed after the concepts were sent back to the experts. The principal components included behavioral factors, macroeconomic factors, political factors, socio-cultural factors, firm features, and corporate governance. Results were validated through factor analysis in the quantitative portion of the study. The present study can be considered among the comprehensive studies at the construct level with an integrated approach to firms' capital structure. The emergence of behavioral finance resulted from understanding the importance of measuring human behavior as a factor with transcendent consequences for financial decisions. Hence, most behavioral finance studies are focused on observable behaviors. However, the item response theory presents an integrated method for disciplines that work with cognitive variables. Accepting opportunities for new knowledge is essential for firm decisions to respond to the mental views of financial managers. The present study sought to identify the factors influencing firms' capital structure in Iran. The tool used in the present study reflected the elements making up the capital structure. In this regard, the notable point is how the classic criterion of structural capital components can explain financial managers' perception of decision-making. The research results in this area are interesting since we have confirmed a capital structure theory at the construct level. The conformity of the results and the obtained reliability levels indicate that this theory fits the given dimensions well. Moreover, relevant evidence indicates that senior financial managers adopt various states considering internal and external factors at the structural level, which can cause cognitive bias in decision-making.