درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Academic engagement as a basis for reformist efforts in the field of education is very important in achieving learning experience so that indirectly guarantees students' academic achievement. Therefore, purpose of this study was to prediction of academic engagement based on academic optimism, perception competence and achievement emotions in students. The descriptive- correlation method was used. Methodology: The statistical population consists of all male students studying of Hewraman region in year academic 2019-20 to 1476 student. In this study, according to random cluster sampling method, 100 married students by formula Plant of Tabachnick & Fidell (2007) were selected as samples and they were asked to academic engagement scale (AES) of Reeve (2013), perception competence scale of Harter (1982), academic optimism scale (AOS) of Tschannen‐Moran, Bankole, Mitchell and Moore (2013) and achievement emotions questionnaire (AEQ) of Pekrun, Goetz & Perry (2005). Findings: The data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Results: Findings showed that there was positive and significant correlation between spdemic optimism, perception competence and positive achievement emotions with academic engagement (P<0/01). There was negative and significant correlation between negative with academic engagement (P<0/01). Regression analyses also revealed that %79/2 of variance of academic engagement was explained by academic optimism, perception competence and achievement emotions. Conclusion: This study confirmed the significant contribution of academic optimism, perception competence and achievement emotions in academic engagement of students. The results of this research can help planners and implementers of education organization to adopt appropriate educational policies in order to engage students in academic studies and the factors affecting it.

The relationship between the government and religious minorities as well as their social status in the Safavid era is one of the most significant issues in the period. It gained a critical status especially since the beginning of the reign of Shah Abbas I and the transfer of his capital to Isfahan. Although there is a lot of material about the welfare and special status of Armenians in Isfahan in the sources of this period, writings and resources about other minorities are available only sporadically. This is especially true for Zoroastrians in terms of their long presence in Iran. Although the number of Zoroastrians gradually decreased with the arrival of Islam in Iran, their transfer to Isfahan under Shah Abbas and the use of their power and skills for flourishing the economy of the Safavid period suggests the significance of this religious minority at that time. Using a descriptive-analytical research method and based on written sources, this study seeks to answer the question of the social status of Zoroastrians in Isfahan throughout the Safavid period. Earlier studies confirm that the social status of Zoroastrians had varied in different periods of the reign of the Safavid. Although this minority had a relatively favorable status during the reign of Shah Abbas I, after his death and the decline in religious toleration in the Safavid state, the Zoroastrians were once again oppressed and the majority of them were compelled to leave Isfahan.

Traditional Iranian houses, especially Esfahan, have very special cultural patterns, such as privacy entrance but contemporary houses in Isfahan, because of changes in the methods of designing and building houses, importance of entrance reduced to such level that now in contemporary houses entrance is just a door. Entrance correlates indoor safe space of house and outdoors. It`s importance lays in controlling entry, exit, territory and hierarchy. Since house owners were satisfied with traditional form of entrance, it is a good idea to learn from them in designing new entrances. The purpose of this research is to find a way for designing appropriate entrances for Isfahan contemporary houses.  Isfahan city is from margin of desert and the origin of traditional houses. Analysis showed that blockage of visual and phonic relation, creating a space between outdoor public space and indoor private space, creating access patterns to internal spaces and traits that separate in and out were the most significant properties of traditional entrances. All these traits are ignored in contemporary entrances. Suggestions made for design include creating public meeting space in yard and creating a separate entrance space for each house in apartments.