درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of talent management and corporate social responsibility on the sustainable competitive advantage of sports organizations. This research employed a descriptive-correlational method with data collected through a field study. The study population comprised 110 employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth in West Azerbaijan Province in 2022. Based on the Morgan table, a sample of 86 employees was selected using simple random sampling. The research instruments included three standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS 23 and structural equation modeling, specifically confirmatory factor analysis, in Smart PLS 3.1.1. The results of the study indicate that the research model fits well, with talent management (p=0.001; t=30.990) and corporate social responsibility (p=0.001; t=3.270) having a positive and significant impact on achieving a sustainable competitive advantage in sports organizations. These findings highlight that the effective integration of these two factors can significantly contribute to creating and maintaining a competitive edge. Therefore, sports organizations can enhance their competitive position and ensure long-term success by investing in human resource development and adhering to their economic, legal, ethical, and social responsibilities.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of social entrepreneurship education (SEE) on social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SESE) and social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) of sports science students in a semi-experimental method. The research population of the study included 41 undergraduate sports science students of the University of Neyshabur, who were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received SEE in eight sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Two main tools were used to collect data: the SESE and the SEI assessment scales. SEE was developed using Shahid and Alarifi's (2021) procedure and ran for ten ninety-minute sessions. Data analysis was done using the covariance test analysis. Results showed that SEE significantly affected SESE, so about 18% of post-test score changes are related to this training. In contrast, the effect of SEE on SEI was not statistically significant, which means that changes in SEI are not related to the impact of SEE. This study showed that SEE can significantly improve SESE, but its effect on SEI was insignificant and needs more research. To enhance the effectiveness of SEE on SESE, it is recommended to incorporate more practical components such as internships, real-world projects, and case studies. These hands-on experiences can provide sport sciences’ students with the confidence and skills needed to succeed in social entrepreneurship.

Purpose: Unusual or intense exercise causes minor damage (microtrauma) to muscle fibers. It is thought that this damage is accompanied by the release of certain enzymes into the blood serum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and retraining on the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase in inactive young boys. Method: Twenty-four healthy inactive young boys volunteered for the present study and were randomly divided into two groups of 10. The exercise protocol consisted of five stations of biceps and shoulders with a barbell, squats, chest presses, and forearm presses. Each movement consisted of three sets of 12 repetitions. The exercise intensity was 75% of one repetition maximum. Serum levels of the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured before the activity and at intervals of 1 and 48 hours thereafter. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t-test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The results of the present study showed that the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes increased in both resistance training and resistance retraining groups compared to the pre-test at time intervals of 1, and 48. No differences were observed in serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase between the two groups during and after retraining (p>0.05). Conclusion: Retraining may not be a significant variable affecting recovery after muscle injury. However, more research is needed in this area.

This study aimed to develop a model of the factors influencing the co-creation of brand value for professional football clubs and its consequences. This research was applied in nature and qualitative in method. The research population included sports management and marketing professors, and experts, as well as managers, vice presidents, and coaches from professional sports clubs. 23 individuals were selected using theoretical sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and was analyzed using grounded theory (Glazer method). The research revealed 385 primary codes in the open coding stage, which were then condensed into 93 more abstract concepts and 11 main categories in the selective coding stage. These were further categorized into two general categories: "factors influencing the co-creation of brand value for professional football clubs," consisting of 6 components, and "implications for the co-creation of brand value for professional football clubs," consisting of 5 components. In the theoretical coding stage, the final model of the research was developed. The findings suggest that managers and officials should develop appropriate strategies and take action to promote the co-creation of brand value for professional football clubs to reap its numerous benefits across various club departments.

Purpose: Vigorous physical exercise causes notable alterations in the circulatory system, affecting stress hormones and plasma proteins. Cortisol serves as a primary glucocorticoid hormone, while albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin function as important carrier proteins. However, how cortisol levels after exercise interact with these proteins is not well understood. This research aimed to explore the association between serum cortisol and the levels of albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin following a single session of intense aerobic exercise in young male runners. Method: Twelve healthy young male runners (average age 21.38 ± 0.95 years; VO₂max 50.81 ± 2.35 ml/kg/min) completed a 15-minute Balke treadmill test. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after, and three hours post-exercise (recovery) to assess serum cortisol, albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin concentrations. Hematocrit measurements were used to adjust for changes in plasma volume. Statistical analysis involved one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and Pearson correlation. Results: Immediately after exercise, there were significant increases in cortisol (61.4%), albumin (7.5%), globulin (10.5%), and hemoglobin (10.5%) (p<0.05). After three hours of recovery, cortisol, albumin, and hemoglobin levels returned to baseline, whereas globulin remained significantly elevated (p<0.05). No significant correlations were detected between cortisol changes and any of the carrier proteins at any time point (p>0.05). Conclusion: A single session of intense aerobic exercise markedly raises serum cortisol and key carrier proteins in young runners. The absence of correlation between cortisol and these proteins suggests that their immediate post-exercise increases are likely driven by factors other than cortisol fluctuations, such as hemoconcentration and changes in hydrostatic pressure, rather than direct hormonal stimulation.

Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. It is often characterized by elevated liver enzymes, such as AST, ALT, and ALP, which are biomarkers of liver injury. Exercise, particularly high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has been shown to improve liver function by reducing these enzyme levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 6-week HIIT protocol on liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, and ALP) in obese individuals with NAFLD. Method: This quasi-experimental study involved 20 obese participants diagnosed with NAFLD. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). The experimental group participated in a HIIT protocol for 6 weeks, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Blood samples were taken before and after the intervention to measure serum AST, ALT, and ALP levels. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and independent t-tests to compare pre- and post-intervention values within and between groups, respectively. Results: The experimental group showed a significant reduction in AST (p = 0.01), ALT (p = 0.03), and ALP (p = 0.04) after the intervention. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group for any of the enzymes (p > 0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in enzyme levels post-intervention (p = 0.03 for AST, p = 0.04 for ALT, and p = 0.05 for ALP). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that HIIT may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for improving liver function in obese individuals with NAFLD. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm the long-term effects of exercise on liver enzymes in this population.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate back pain during pregnancy and the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises on back pain in women after childbirth . For this purpose, the first 30 pregnant women Obstetricians referring to specialized gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Shahin Shahr and suburbs were randomly selected . The required tools of the research included the Quebec standard questionnaire . Two weeks after delivery , 13 subjects were in the control group and 12 were in the experimental group . For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including analysis of variance for repeated measurements and independent test were used to investigate the effect of corrective movements on postpartum back pain in control and experimental groups . The results showed that back pain increased significantly during pregnancy, and corrective exercises after childbirth can be an effective factor in reducing back pain left over from pregnancy .

Face masks are crucial for preventing respiratory diseases; however, limited research has examined their specific effects on children’s exercise performance, particularly in terms of physiological and perceptual responses at different exercise intensities. Aim: This study examines the effects of N-95 and surgical masks on children’s physiological and perceptual responses during exercise at varying intensities. Martials and Methods: Twenty healthy children (age, 11.23 ± 0.59 years) performed in three 6-minute phases of a treadmill protocol at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximal oxygen uptake, while wearing an N-95 mask, a surgical mask, or no mask. Physiological measurements (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and perceptual measurements (rate of perceived exertion, discomfort) were assessed. Results: HR, PRE, and BLa increased with intensity (p ≥ 0.001), with N-95 masks showing the highest HR and BLa compared to surgical masks and no masks at high intensity. SpO2 decreased significantly with N-95 masks at moderate (p=0.018) and high intensities (p=0.008). Discomfort, especially in breath resistance and fatigue, was greater with N-95 masks. Conclusion: Face masks, particularly N-95, significantly increase cardiovascular and metabolic demands during exercise, especially at higher intensities. Balancing respiratory protection with comfort is essential for safe exercise in children during public health crises

Background : Low back pain (LBP) is common, especially among individuals known as pain developers (PDs), who experience discomfort during prolonged standing without a prior LBP history. Lumbar lordosis and hip abductor strength are linked to LBP development, while core muscle endurance is vital for spinal stability and could prevent LBP. Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship between core muscle endurance, pain onset during prolonged standing, hip abductor strength, and lumbar lordosis in PDs. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female PDs participated, with core endurance measured via the McGill test battery, hip abductor strength assessed through the Active Hip Abduction (AHAbd) test, and lumbar curvature analyzed using photographic imaging. Results: A significant positive correlation was identified between core muscle endurance and pain onset time (r = 0.46, p = 0.04). Participants with lower core endurance experienced earlier pain onset. However, no significant relationships were found between lumbar lordosis, AHAbd scores, and McGill test results, suggesting core endurance plays a crucial role in LBP prevention. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of core muscle endurance in reducing the risk of LBP development. Strengthening core muscles may serve as a viable preventive strategy for individuals prone to LBP.