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Objective observation is one of the fundamental elements for human beings to understand and learn. By objectifying reality, images convey a variety of meanings and concepts to the audience. With the help of the audience's creative mind, this conveyance is sometimes achieved through the harmonious arrangement of words and phrases depicting spiritual and intangible matters. In some cases, these images embed a line of reasoning, referred to as "argumentative images," to instill certain beliefs or convictions in the audience. These images use tangible objects and meanings to strengthen the individual's belief in the realization and possibility of intangible things. The audience's mind initially seeks connections between the objects presented, and after understanding the logical relationships, embraces a new meaning derived from the images. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the present paper has attempted to apply this semantic process to the Surahs of al-Tīn, al-Qalam, and al-Ṭūr in order to answer the question of how the argumentative images of these three Surahs affect the beliefs of the audience. The results indicate that the logical connection of the images of objects in each surah affects the audience's certainty and belief in the wisdom and order of creation, the inevitability of divine decree, and the nature of the Day of Judgment. To inspire confidence in the fulfillment of His promises, God employs tangible elements such as the fig, the olive, the ladder, the mountain, and the sky.

In the realm of marital relations, the terms tamkīn (submission) and nushūz (disobedience) are frequently used in Islamic jurisprudence and law. While nushūz is explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an, tamkīn, meaning the opposite state of nushūz, is not. Although nushūz is used in the Qur’an for both men and women, in Islamic jurisprudence, and particularly in Iranian law, both tamkīn and nushūz are predominantly ascribed to wives. The concept of nushūz and tamkīn in husbands has not been adequately addressed, nor has there been commensurate legislation on the matter. Qur’anic commentaries have also predominantly focused on the nushūz of wives, rather than husbands, which may explain the neglect of husbands' nushūz in jurisprudence and the lack of corresponding legislation.This study, grounded in an analysis of three Qur’anic verses, Q. 4:34, Q. 4:128, and Q. 9:71, and their interpretation in several prominent Shia and Sunni commentaries across different periods, adopts a Qur’an-by-Qur’an exegetical approach to explore the concepts of nushūz and tamkīn for both spouses. Using linguistic, semantic, and hermeneutic methods, the findings of this research indicate that the concept of mutual tamkīn between spouses can be articulated based on the principle of mutual guardianship (wilāyah) of believers as outlined in verse Q.9:71. In this framework, reciprocal tamkīn between spouses is understood as a commitment to fulfilling religious and ethical responsibilities and a mutual acceptance of enjoining good and forbidding evil in their relationship.

The Holy Qur’an, in addition to its primary purpose of guiding humanity, contains numerous scientific references that were not fully understood at the time of its revelation. Verse 25 of Surah al-Ḥadīd refers to the sending down of iron. The use of the verb anzala (to send down) instead of more commonly used verbs such as khalaqa (to create) and jaʿala (to make) has led to various interpretations of this verse throughout history. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the concept of the sending down of iron (inzāl al-ḥadīd) and its strong nature (ba's shadīd), as well as its relation to new scientific findings regarding the origin of iron on Earth. Additionally, it investigates whether people at the time of the Qur’an’s revelation had any knowledge of the extraterrestrial origin of iron.Contrary to some extreme approaches to the scientific interpretation and miracles of the Qur’an in recent centuries, this research advocates a balanced perspective that utilizes scientific findings, without any imposition, to better understand the verses of the Qur’an. Recent scientific discoveries indicate that iron is primarily produced in the cores of massive stars, and it cannot be produced in the solar system. Therefore, the use of the verb anzala may allude to the extraterrestrial origin of iron. The results of this research reveal that, from a scientific standpoint, various phenomena are involved in the process of iron's incorporation into Earth that could embody the concept of "sending down," including the production of iron in massive stars and its transfer to Earth through certain cosmic processes, the collision of iron-rich meteorites and asteroids with Earth, and the sinking of iron towards the Earth's core. Regarding the knowledge of people about the extraterrestrial origin of iron at the time of revelation, although it has been claimed that the term used for iron in ancient Egypt means "metal from heaven," the findings of this research indicate that this claim is merely a possibility and, despite extensive research, has not been definitively verified.

The Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, published by Brill, is a product of contemporary research by Western Islamic scholars. According to its editor-in-chief, Jane McAuliffe, it aims to provide a scholarly examination of Qur'anic topics. The entry on Literary Structures, authored by Issa J. Boullata, explores the stylistic and rhetorical devices of the Qur'an and attempts to present a coherent image of the Qur'an. However, the article is open to criticism regarding its academic writing principles and content. This article therefore critically examines the entry using a descriptive-analytical approach. Despite all the positive points that the entry has made about the Qur'an, it introduces a concept called Transtextuality but then discusses other topics in its text, which diminishes the academic credibility of the author and the editor-in-chief of the encyclopedia as the responsible for the articles. This is one of the most important criticisms of this article.