درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Literature is the aesthetic manifestation of language. It is ‘as old as human language and as new as tomorrow’s sunrise.’ This paper explores the interrelationships between language and literature from 600 AD to the present day. The grammar of present-day English is closely related to that of Old English with the same tense formation and word orders. The verse unit is a single line and its organizing device is ‘alliteration’. The range of Chaucer’s English did much to establish English as a national language. The writers of the Elizabethan period reshaped the literary language by borrowing foreign words and by coining new expressions and figures of speech. Shakespeare’s language and modern English have enough in common so that historians consider that they both belong to the same stage in the history of English. Milton attempted to reinvent the English language through his Paradise Lost. The writers of the seventeenth century developed a prose style that could bear the weight of the most serious and complex ideas. Then, the writers of the eighteenth century devoted themselves to developing out a formal, polished, and “correct” style of expression. Wordsworth and Coleridge intended to purify and renew the literary language and make it closer to the everyday speech of the ordinary people. Modernism tried to articulate a representation of the world and the way of seeing it through complexities of mind using the spoken rather than the formal language.

مکتب های یادگیری با ویژگی های شخصیّتی افراد ارتباط دارند (براون، 2003؛ کلب،1984).کارآیی آموزش معلّم (بندورا،1997، 1977،1995 ؛ تیلی،2001) دراصطلاحات آموزشی نیز حائز اهمیّت می باشد. با این وجود، اثرات جنسیّت و شخصیّت بر کارآیی آموزش دبیران و نوع فعالیّت های آنها به طور مناسب مطالعه نشده است. این مطالعه در راستای بررسی اثرات شخصیّت و جنسیّت بر کارآیی آموزشی معلّمان و همچنین فعالیّت های آموزشی آن ها انجام شده است. بدین منظور، 280 معلّم زن در این مطالعه شرکت نموده اند. از پرسشنامه های تیپ شخصیّتی مایرز و بریگز، کارآیی آموزشی و فعالیّت های آموزشی استفاده شده است. داده های تحقیق بوسیله ی آمار توصیفی و دو آزمون تحلیل واریانس دو طرفه تحلیل شده اند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهند که ترکیب درون گرائی، حس گرائی، تفکّر و قضاوت و همچنین ترکیب برون گرائی، حس گرائی، تفکّر و قضاوت رایجترین تیپ های شخصیّتی در میان معلّمان زبان انگلیسی درایران می باشند. نتایج همچنین نشان می دهد که دبیران زن و مرد با تیپ های شخصیتی مختلف کار آیی آموزشی یکسان دارند و جنسیت و شخصیت بر فعالیت های آموزشی آنها تاثیر دارند.

The present article reports a study carried out to investigate whether or not awareness of functional translation theories has any impact on the translation quality of translator trainees. 2oo Iranian undergraduate students took part in this study. They were divided into four groups -two- experimental and two control groups. After homogenizing the participants by a TOEFL test, a translation pre-test was administered and then functional theories of translation like Translational Action and Skopos Theory were taught to the experimental groups who were later required to use the material taught in their classroom translation practice during one academic semester. The control groups were instructed traditionally as widely practiced in Iranian undergraduate translation classes. A translation post-test was given to all the groups at the end of the semester. The statistical results demonstrated a significant difference between the pre- and post- test in the two experimental groups as compared with the control groups.