حجت الله فراهانی

Purpose Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is usually observed among women of reproductive age, so, it may be worsened by emotional and somatic symptoms. The main aim of this investigation was to assess the predictability of pain intensity and psychological distress by personality traits and self-regulation skills among the Iranian female population. Methods The data were collected via numeric pain assessment, DASS-42, NEO, SRQ, and demographic questionnaire. The significant level was set at 0.05. In this study, we used the method of variance-based structural equations by PLS software. Results Pearson correlation between total score of self-regulation skills and subscales of DASS-42 stress, anxiety, and depression were respectively (0.78), (0.71), and (0.73). Thenceforward, the correlation between pain intensity and total score of self-regulation skills was (0.72). Moreover, results showed that the correlation between personality traits scores with subscales of DASS-42 stress, anxiety, and depression were respectively (0.71), (0.73), and (0.87). Finally, data analysis demonstrated a correlation between self-regulation skills and pain intensity (0.70). (P= 0.05) Conclusions This article shows that personality traits and self-regulation skills can significantly predict the degree of pain intensity and psychological distress among females before and during menstruation concerning mediating role of suggestibility and attitudes toward menstruation.

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی رابطه میان تمایل به کمک به دیگران و تاب آوری و رشد پس از آسیب با نقش تعدیل کنندگی احساس گناه مرتبط با آسیب در افراد دارای سابقه ابتلا به بیماری کووید-19 در افراد نزدیک بود. به این منظور، 189 نفر از افرادی که یکی از نزدیکان آن ها طی شش ماه اخیر به علت ابتلا به بیماری کووید-19 در بخش مراقبت های ویژه بیمارستان بستری شده بودند، به شیوه در دسترس انتخاب شدند و اقدام به تکمیل پرسش نامه های رشد پس از آسیب، تاب آوری، احساس گناه مرتبط با آسیب و نوع دوستی بزرگ سالان کردند. براساس نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه، احساس گناه مرتبط با آسیب در رابطه میان تاب آوری و تمایل به کمک به دیگران نقش تعدیل کنندگی نداشتند. در مقابل، احساس گناه مرتبط با آسیب در رابطه میان رشد پس از آسیب و تمایل به کمک به دیگران نقش تعدیل گنندگی داشت. نتیجه گیری از یافته های مطالعه حاضر می تواند گویای نقش عوامل بین فردی و درون فردی در ارتقای سازگاری و حتی رشد افراد متعاقب تجارب آسیب زا باشد.

Objective: There is evidence that emotion plays a role in explaining generalized anxiety disorder, and on the other hand, dysfunctional emotional schemas are different in various psychopathological disorders, but few studies have addressed this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively investigate emotional schemas in Iranian patients with generalized anxiety disorder.Research Methodology: For this purpose, 16 patients with generalized anxiety disorder in Mashhad, Iran were interviewed and their responses were qualitatively clustered to extract their emotional schemas and subthemes related to each emotional schema. A semi-structured interview was conducted to investigate patients' perspectives on emotion and their 14 emotional schemas. Patients' statements were transcribed and analyzed through comparative-inductive thematic analysis and coding. They were then categorized into main themes and subtheme naming was done in consultation with experts.Findings: The findings showed that four emotional schemas of validation, duration, uncontrollability, and extreme rationalization are more involved in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 12 subthemes including mentalized emotional insecurity, desocialization, somatization, significance, uncertainty intolerance, unpredictability threat, extreme emotional perfectionism, continuity of catastrophic thinking, trait anxiety, superiority of others, emotional avoidance, emotional inflexibility, and extreme approval led to the creation and continuation of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms.Conclusion: Therefore, addressing these 4 emotional schemas in patients with generalized anxiety disorder with a greater focus on the validation schema, which is more pervasive, can increase treatment efficacy. In addition, we can focus on them in educational and preventive protocols, not just intervention protocols.