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In traditional international law,"Effective Authority" has been the applicable criterion in recognizing the legitimacy of governments and their recognition by other states. The United Nations also took note of this criterion in accepting representatives identified by governments. However, after the Cold War, a new criterion, the "Democratic Legitimacy," was introduced to recognize the legitimacy of new governments. Increasing attention to human rights and adherence to democratic norms in governance has strengthened this theory among jurists. The main question of this article is what is the applicable criterion in examining the "legality of governments" in international law? In this article, which is written by descriptive-analytical method and by studying books and articles, we examine the application of the theory of democratic legitimacy in the recognition of governments. By studying the change of governments after the adoption of the UN Charter until 2020, we conclude that the theory of democratic legitimacy was applied only in response to military coup d'état against democratically elected governments after the end of the Cold War. In other causes of regime change including revolutions and civil war; The New Government is recognized by the international community and credentials of its representatives accredited to the United Nations on the basis of the traditional criterion of effective authority. However, there are few exemptions such as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

The southern part of the China Sea has been the site of one of the most important maritime disputes in five decades. Tensions are so high that some predict World War III will break out in the region. The Philippines's referral for arbitration in respect of some of its disputes with China resulted in the issuing of a 2016 arbitration award. The legal and political significance of this Award has caused debates among scholars. The legality of the Award and the validity of the court's arguments in various positions are among the topics of these discussions.  In this study, our main question is how much this award has contributed to resolving and clarifying the legal aspects of the maritime disputes between the parties. Our secondary question is the impact of this Award on regional and international peace. The findings of this study indicate that the arbitral tribunal's approach has a significant impact on understanding the concept of "historical rights" as well as the explanation and interpretation of marine environmental protection provisions in the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the tribunal's view, by joining the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the rules concerning maritime zones, except in rare cases, override the historical rights of States. It also played an important role in defining and explaining various maritime features; including islands, rocks, and low-tide elevations. However, the effect of the award on reducing tensions in the southern part of the China Sea, Chinese government policies, and Regional peace is in doubt.

Seas are the most important and unexplored and unknown ecosystems and the largest source of biodiversity on earth, which make up 90% of the biosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the marine environment as a precious asset and heritage against the damages caused by human activities, including international shipping. One of the international means to achieve this aim is the port state control (PSC) mechanism, PSC which is rooted in the traditional principle of free access of ships to the ports, also international conventions and regional memorandum of understandings )MoU’s( is considered complementary to the competencies of the flag state for environmental protection and maritime safety, allows the port states to assess the compliance of ships with relevant international and regional regulations, and to carry out a non-discriminatory inspection of foreign ships entering their ports. this paper review and criticize the role of current PSC mechanisms in the protection of the marine environment. To that end, use of the descriptive-analytical method to explaining the concept and legal foundations of PSC and the most important environmental challenges caused by the Increasing growth of international shipping and analyze the role of PSC. This study's findings provide that, the international PSC regime suffers some defects, accordingly to be more effective needs to mutation, in a way that includes new environmental damages, as well as, increase international convergence and integration in its Implementation This goal is achieved through the conclusion of a global MoU.

Environmental risks and conflicts in the framework of the relations between countries and subsequently their role-playing in interaction and collaboration or conflicts and struggles between political actors especially in the level of states have reproduced serious discussions and disputes on the environment, security, and power which are interpreted as environmental geopolitics or ecopolitics by modern political geography. Geographically, the Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed sea that has a very low capacity of self-dredging in comparison to that of high seas; hence, it retains the pollutants for longer periods of time. Some of its environmental problems arise from the various activities of the people residing along the northern and southern shores. If the situation is exacerbated by the factors such as oil and its subsequent pollutions, militarism and its subsequent destruction, desalination of seawater, and the construction of artificial islands, one can conclude that regional convergence between the countries neighboring this body of water in the process of bioregionalism would be of an essential necessity. According to the research findings, states acting in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf to produce power, security and to sustain them, from one hand, and to protect this shared aquatic ecosystem in the event of sustainable development, from the other hand, should mobilize all collective cooperations and operationalize the bioregionalism in regional and supranational scales.

European court of human rights was established in 1959 as an independent court of Council of Europe in order to deal with alleged violations of human rights which has been enumerated in European Convention on human rights. Obviously, protection and evolution of human rights obligations is considered as one of the most significant concerns of this court. In addition, the protection of human rights and public interest together Are required for an efficient society. As a result, European court of human rights must use a mechanism by which it can have a reasonable and balanced operation to realize these two fundamental values. In order to approach this aim, the court uses the proportionality test, consisting of three principles of legitimacy, appropriateness and necessity. Despite its efficient results for the Court, the application of this test has its deficiency in keeping a balance between human rights and public interest. This court authorized the member states to evaluate the legitimacy of an aim by themselves, however it should be the court’s task to pass three steps of proportionality test independently. This research mainly concentrates on the evaluation of the European court of human rights from the doctrine of margin of appreciation perspective.

The Indian Ocean is Considered One of The Most Important and Sensitive Regions of The World, And for This Reason, Maintaining Its Security Is Very Important. The Amazing Economic Growth of Southeast and East Asian Countries Such as China, India and Japan in World Trade on The One Hand and The Special Role of The Persian Gulf and Iran as An Energy Supplying Region (Oil and Gas) On the Other Hand Show the Importance of The Indian Ocean as A Strategic Region to Connect These Two the Area Has Grown to Hundreds. The Role of This Geopolitical Region in Providing Energy, The Existence of Busy Straits, The Mass Consumer Market and The Presence of Powers with High Economic Growth Have Led to The Increasing Importance of The Global Position and The Change in The Balance of Maritime Power in It. This Research Was Done with Analytical and Descriptive Method Using Library and Documentary Sources and The Results Show That the Scene of The Indian Ocean Is of Great Importance Due to Its Key Role in Maritime Trade and This Has Made the Indian Ocean the Place the World's Major Maritime Powers Are Competing and Each Has Its Own Diplomacy in This Region.

The sea pathways are extensively considers as a way to reach a safe zone for the forced people, who their lives are threatened for many reasons. A large number of the irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees are drowned daily in the sea, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea. The numbers of the deaths are worrying and alarming. It requires urgent and effective actions by States to prevent this disastrous human crisis. This paper through descriptive and analytical research method through a qualitative research examines the international legal framework for the protection of irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees’ rights and focuses on two essential rights of their rescue at sea and its related right of non-refoulement. The paper concludes that the security and military ironic measures of the coastal States, particularly those of certain European States, are considered as a serious risk for the rights of the people trafficked through the sea in order to be moved from the place of danger to a safe zone. Accordingly, States must play a more responsible role in assisting and protecting the desperate irregular, asylum seekers and refugees at sea in order to guarantee their fundamental rights.

According to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, the crime of Apartheid refers to actions, policies, and courses of conduct with the purpose of maintaining an institutionalized regime of systematic racism and racial domination. Based on this definition, the word "Apartheid" will not only refer to the historical regime of South Africa (1948-1994) but is also recognized as a crime against humanity on par with torture and slavery. Due to certain similarities in legal systems and roots of establishment, Israel and the Apartheid Regime of South Africa have been considered to be analogous in various international documents sponsored by the United Nations until 1991. This study aims to analyze the historical rationale behind this recognition and the reversal of course by the United Nations General Assembly, which was initiated with the revocation of A/RES/3379 resolution (the equation of Zionism with racism). Furthermore, in the light of recent developments on domestic and international levels, it seems several unaligned trends are gaining ground in this respect to reaffirm the previous attribution of the crime of Apartheid to Israel. Through using E-Library data and employing the descriptive-analytical method, the veracity of the said trends, their projection, and their perseverance will be further discussed in this paper.

During its historical life, the Caspian Sea has always been a safe place for many races, people, and governments. Unfortunately, humanity does not appreciate this valuable water zone and steps away consciously or unknowingly on the path to its destruction and demolition. Taking the path in this way is equal to obliterating the roots of the present generation and future generations. With the aim of evaluating the environmental security structure of the Caspian Sea, this research examines a new legal framework for this water zone. Moreover, the research also argued that the Caspian requires effective political and legal decision-making to achieve its ideal state both environmentally and economically or socially. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caspian Sea was dominated by the two governments of Iran and the Soviet Union. The intense asymmetry between power and resources between the two countries led to the unofficial and actual control of the region in the hands of the Soviet Union.

The correlation between the sea and the ship with scientific and technological progress and human needs in the field of trade and transportation, and the existence of inspection and observatory control in territories and their safety has caused the attention of organizations and countries to its effectiveness. On the other hand, it caused promoted productivity through the use of skilled manpower on the ship. Undoubtedly, creating universal and acceptable regulations is important so that they can be turned into law. Definitely, in this law, attention should be paid to the evaluation of the prospect of sea events and it can be predicted. Factors such as affreightment, collisions at sea, ship damage, and maritime rescue can be among these rules and clarify the purposes of a safe sea. On the other hand, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) works very actively and effectively in the direction of the compilation of these regulations and laws. It should be noted that with the progress of the shipping industry and the expansion of the sea boundaries, it is better that these laws become updated and more preventive and practical. Therefore, new standards in the maritime transport industry must be pursued by the World Maritime Organization and with a survey of the member countries, more attention should be paid to the security, speed, and services of the ports and sailing of the countries. Although one of the appreciable achievements of the World Maritime Organization has been the transformation of unsafe traditional ports into safe modern ports. But it seems that the diversity of sea transportation with regard to commodity exchanges requires the implementation of a more legal and regulatory strategy. In this article certainly, attention has been paid to the importance and fundamental role of the World Maritime Organization, because the most important basis of maritime transport is the ship. It should be noted that the ship has an independent identity and personality. On the other hand, the diversity in the utilization of ships in the aspects of commerce, public services, military, and the diversity of ship types requires special standardization and proficient implementation.