درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

در حیطه ی فراگیری زبان سوم٬ نتایج متناقض تحقیقات نشان می دهد که در میان محققان در مورد مزایا و یا معایب دو زبانگی در فراگیری زبان سوم اجماعی وجود ندارد. بنابراین دغدغه ی اصلی مطالعه حاضر بررسی تفاوت های احتمالی بین دوزبانه ها و تک زبانه ها در خصوص دانش دستور می باشد. این تحقیق تلاشی بود برای بررسی اینکه آیا زبان آموزان تک زبانه فارسی و دوزبانه فارسی- آذری در یادگیری بند نسبی زبان انگلیسی تفاوت معنی داری دارند. برای انجام این مطالعه، در مجموع دویست دانش آموز دختر در حال تحصیل در کلاس دوم دبیرستان به طور تصادفی از دو ناحیه ی آموزش و پرورش شهرهای تبریز و شیراز در ایران انتخاب شدند. تمامی شرکت کننده ها از نظر سطح زبان انگلیسی، جنسیت، و سن همگن بودند. یک آزمون استاندارد تعیین سطح زبان انگلیسی، یک پرسشنامه و دو تکلیفِ ساختارِ نحوی در هر دو گروه اجرا شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که تفاوت معنی داری بین زبان آموزان در ارتباط با بند نسبیِ انگلیسی وجود دارد. در نهایت، کاربردهای این پژوهش برای کسانیکه در امر یادگیری و آموزش زبان انگلیسی فعالیت دارند مورد بحث قرار گرفت.

Due to the potent role of critical thinking in learners’ academic success and its connection with factors conducive to learning such as argumentation ability, the present study seeks to primarily probe the correlation between Iranian EFL learners’ critical thinking ability and their argumentative writing achievement, and investigate the predictability of the students’ argumentative writing achievement based on their scores on critical thinking scale. Furthermore, the effect of gender on Iranian EFL learners’ argumentative writing achievement was investigated. In so doing, 'Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal' (2002) as well as an argumentative writing assignment was employed, and the participants of the study included 178 EFL learners in three universities in Mashhad, Iran. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to analyze the data. The results substantiated the positive correlation between critical thinking ability and argumentative writing revealing that these two variables significantly and positively related to each other; among the predictors (subscales of the critical thinking) of argumentative writing, inference, assumptions, arguments were the stronger predictors. Finally, gender was not found to significantly affect Iranian EFL learners’ argumentative writing achievement. The conclusions and implications of this study are pointed out with reference to foreign language teaching context.

در فرایند آموزش زبان فرانسه، یکی از اساسی ترین مهارت هایی که می باید فراگرفته شود، مهارت خواندن است. توسعه و گسترش استراتژی های خواندن و فراگیری برقراری ارتباط نوشتاری از اهداف این مهم می باشد. آموزش مهارت خواندن در ایران در بیشتر مواقع به گونه ای است که در خدمت دیگر مهارت ها به کار گرفته می شود. بنابراین، زبان آموزان چنین مهارتی را به درستی فرا نمی گیرند. در این مقاله به ترسیم استراتژی های اثربخش در ارتقا مهارت خواندن زبان فرانسه به عنوان زبان خارجی می پردازیم. کسب مهارت خواندن از سوی زبان آموزان موجب استقلال آنها در دریافت مفاهیم متن می شود.

Few studies can be found which have directly addressed the issue of burn-out by considering the influence of teachers’ coping resources such as emotional intelligence and reflectivity especially in an EFL context. Therefore, in order to bridge this gap, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship among teachers’ burnout, emotional intelligence, and reflectivity with a sample of 125 Iranian EFL teachers from several private language institutes in Kurdistan and Hamedan. Moreover, differences in the teachers’ burnout, emotional intelligence, and reflectivity scores were examined with respect to teachers’ teaching experiences. To answer the research questions, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey, Teacher Reflectivity Questionnaire, and Bar-On EQ-I Scale were used and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, Multiple Regression and MANOVA analyses were utilized. The findings showed that emotional intelligence and reflectivity were reversely correlated with burnout, and they could both predict the level of burnout. The results of the study also revealed that there were significant differences between teachers’ level of emotional intelligence with respect to their teaching experience. However, no significant differences were found between teachers’ burnout and reflectivity with respect to their teaching experience. Implications of the study are discussed in details in the paper.

The main objective of this study was to investigate how Iranian EFL learners used their literacy practices and multimodal resources to mediate interpretation and representation of an advertisement text and construct their understanding of it. Fifteen female adolescents at an intermediate level of proficiency read the ""مبلمان برلیان"" (“Brelian Furniture”) advertisement text and re-created their understandings in pictures and sentences. The data was analyzed based on Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (1996, 2001) theory of social semiotics. The findings suggest that students situated the meanings of the advertisement texts in specific contexts that reflected their own social and cultural experiences. Furthermore, the students demonstrated that the use of multimodal resources had the potential to enhance language and literacy learning in a way that was transformative and was affected by their identities. In addition, the use of multimodal/multiliteracies pedagogy permitted the students to enter into text composition from different paths. Finally, multimodal/multiliteracies pedagogy could foster critical literacy practices by offering EFL students the opportunities to create new identities and challenge discursive practices that marginalize them. The implications of the findings are also discussed

Testing pragmatic competence has always posed daunting challenges to researchers and practitioners. As a step to address the gap in pragmatic testing, this paper delineates the procedural stages of developing and validating a context-sensitive Multiple Choice Discourse Completion Test (MDCT). Following a unitary view of validity, tenable argument and empirical evidence was accumulated to support the construct validity of the test. While 136 advanced learners of English took the developed test, it exhibited reasonable internal consistency (α= .72). Furthermore, the results of correlational studies revealed acceptable association between the scores of this MDCT with both a written version of the same test and a previously validated test of pragmatics from the literature endorsing its concurrent validity. Also, the MDCT proved efficient in differentiating between native speakers and EFL learners as suggested by the results of an independent samples t-test. Finally, a pretest-posttest experimental study with 26 intermediate EFL learners was designed to check the sensitivity of the test towards developments in learners’ interlanguage after which a t-test analysis corroborated the construct validity of the test. This array of evidence denotes that the suggested MDCT can be reliably used in EFL contexts as a valid measure of pragmatic competence.

This study aims to compare the effects of four types of FFI on second language vocabulary learning. To do so, the study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, including five groups, each receiving a distinct treatment. The participants were 80 fourth-grade male students ranging in age from 17 to 19. Before the treatment phase, the participants took a researcher-made test of vocabulary as a pretest which was meant to measure the participants’ prior knowledge about the target words. After the treatment phase, the participants took a researcher-made test of vocabulary as posttest to measure the students' achievement of the target words. Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were run to analyze the scores from the pretest and the posttest. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between proactive and reactive FonF in the comprehension mode in terms of promoting vocabulary learning. There was also no statistically significant difference between these two forms of FonF in the production mode in terms of promoting vocabulary learning. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the comprehension-based and production-based FonF in enhancing vocabulary learning. These results extend the positive effect of FFI to L2 vocabulary teaching/learning.

در این مقاله، مسئله تدوین کتاب درسی برای دوره مقدماتی آموزش زبان روسی در ایران بررسی می شود. نویسندگان سعی دارند نیازهای آموزشی نوین را که به هنگام انتخاب محتوای درسی برای این دوره حائز اهمیت هستند، تجزیه و تحلیل کنند و در این راستا به اصول فراگیری زبان روسی توسط ایرانیان تکیه می نمایند. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده در نظر گرفتن ویژگی های ملی و حتی آداب و سنت ها در روند آموزش مقدماتی زبان خارجی تأثیر مثبت خواهد داشت و به ارتقای اثربخشی آموزش کمک خواهد کرد. در این مقاله همچنین برخی اصول انتخاب مواد درسی در آموزشِ مؤثرِ خط و املا و نیز روش استفاده از برنامه های کامپیوتری در آموزش زبان روسی به دانشجویان ایرانی مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد.

Incidental vocabulary learning is often seen as superior to direct instruction on many occasions. Meanwhile, upon the emergence of the World Wide Web, second language (SL) learners have been introduced to 'podcasts' (recorded audio and video online broadcasts) which could be authentic sources of vocabulary learning. The relatively recent phenomenon of video podcast (vodcast) might be considered as a reliable complementary source of input to the written text or the audio track which are predominantly used to represent the platforms of SL instruction. To examine this assertion, three groups of Iranian EFL learners (n=63) were independently exposed to different modes of input (the reading text, audio track, and vodcast) during a series of classroom sessions under highly controlled circumstances. Immediate and delayed passive recall tests of vocabulary were administered to investigate their incidental gains. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that both dependent variables (immediate and delayed recall) were significantly affected by the input modes. The post-hoc tests indicated no significant difference between the written and the audio groups while the vodcast group significantly outperformed the other two. The rich contextual clues made available by this audiovisual source seem to account for its superiority

Cognitive linguistics gives the most inclusive, consistent description of how language is organized, used and learned to date. Cognitive linguistics contains a great number of concepts that are useful to second language learners. If-clauses in English, on the other hand, remain intriguing for foreign language learners to struggle with, due to their intrinsic intricacies. EFL grammar books are paying focal attention to present explanations of if-clauses in terms of their form not meaning, hence not giving attention to their contextual meaning usage. Cognitive linguistic insights on if-clauses discuss their complexity in such a way that could be very beneficial for L2 learners. This study aims to investigate the effect of two different ways of teaching (cognitively-oriented and task-oriented) on learning English if-clauses. A sample of 60 non-English postgraduate students in three groups, two experimental groups (cognitively-oriented and task-oriented) and one control group participated in our study. The results indicated that participants from the cognitively-oriented group performed better than those in task-oriented and control groups and proved a higher degree of comprehending English if-clauses in different contexts. The findings have implications for curriculum and materials developers, as well as the English language teachers in incorporating insights from cognitive linguistics in second language materials.

تاکنون روند تهیه و تدوین مطالب اموزشی زبان از زوایای مختلفی بررسی گردیده است. برای مثال اهمیت تأثیر نگاه اجتماعی به طراحی و تدوین کتب آموزش زبان تأکید و بررسی شده است. هدف از نگارش این مقاله پرداختن به این مطلب است که ایا ایده تهیه و تدوین مطالب تا چه اندازه تحت تأثیر مک دونالدیزاسیون قرار گرفته است. مک دونالدیزاسیون در تهیه مواد آموزشی زبان را به عبارتی می توان این گونه تعریف کرد: تأثیرپذیری مطالب در واکنش به تغییرات اجتماعی و رابطه بین این تغییرات فراتر از سطح کلاس ارائه جزییات کامل در مورد شرایط کنونی ایران و عواقب به استعمار گرفتن مواد آموزشی زبان از دیگر اهداف این مقاله می باشد. برای پاسخگویی سوال مهم مطرح شده چگونگی رابطه مک دونالدیزاسیون و آموزش زبان سعی بر این بوده تا هر چه بیشتر تصویری واضح از شرایط مواد آموزشی و نحوه تدوین مواد آموزش زبان در ایران ارائه شود و اهمیت استانداردسازی أن که دغدغه بسیاری از اهالی این علم می باشد نشان داده شود. نتایج بررسی ها در این تحقیق حاکی از اهمیت حضور نوعی یکسان سازی مطالب در کلاس های آموزش زبان است. بررسی ها نشانگر این مطلب است که نقش معلم زبان به عنوان مصرف کننده مطالب در ایران نسبت به طراح مطالب در آموزش زبان ایران تأکید شده است. راه هایی همچون ارتقاء سطح کیفی معلمین و برگزاری کلاس ها و دوره ها و برنامه هایی برای پیشرفت هر چه بیشتر علمی انها نیز پیشنهاد شده است.

در این پژوهش به بررسی تاثیر فناوری های جدید اطلاع رسانی و ارتباطی در آموزش بر بهبود توانش های دستوری و آگاهی فراشناختی در دستور نزد معلمان آینده زبان فرانسه در دانشکده تعلیم و تربیت دانشگاه تانتا، پرداخته می شود. به نظر می رسد که استفاده از فناوری های اطلاع رسانی و ارتباطی در آموزش نه تنها عملکرد دستوری زبان آموزان بلکه آگاهی فراشناختی آنها را نیز می-تواند بهبود بخشد. آگاهی فراشناختی تاثیر زیادی بر فراگیری زبان فرانسه دارد. تحقیقات زیادی مانند عبدالغنی (2009 و 2010) نشان دادند که زمانیکه فراگیران به عملکردهایشان آگاه باشند چگونه مرتکب این یا آن خطا می شوند و چگونه آنها می توانند با استفاده از فناوری های اطلاع رسانی و ارتباطی در آموزش، عملکرد زبانی شان را بهبود بخشند. از منابع مجازی بر خط مانند Franc-parler.org (پایگاه جهانی معلمان زبان فرانسه به عنوان زبان خارجی) و غیره استفاده شد تا تاثیر آنها بر آموزش دستور و رشد آگاهی فراشناختی در دستور نزد معلمان آینده زبان فرانسه در مصر بررسی شود.