علی اکبر سیف

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group hope therapy on the time horizon and Optimism of divorced women aged between 25 to 40 years old in Tehran who referred to counseling centers. Materials and method: 30 divorced women were selected randomly and were assigned at two experimental and control group. Group hope therapy was held for 8 sessions each lasted for 2 hours. Group hope therapy package was applied for intervention. Wilde questionnaire were employed for assessment of horizon and LOT questionnaire was used for assessment of optimism. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance. Findings: The results showed that the group hope therapy increased time horizon and Optimism in divorced women. Discussion: searching for hope within the group lets divorced women to gain optimism and improve their time horizon capability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of informal English language teaching in childhood on English knowledge and attitude towards the English language in adulthood. The research design was of a causal-comparative nature. The statistical population included all the first-year undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities who had been studying humanities in the academic year of 2015-2016. A sample size of 200 students was selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The research tools were English knowledge test and attitude questionnaire which were developed by the researcher.  Statistical analyses using MANOVA was implemented. Findings revealed that the informal English language teaching in childhood, as compared to its absence, leads to more English knowledge and improves attitude towards the English language in adulthood. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that English language learning should not only start at an earlier age but it should also and be taught informally.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two educational methods of learning by summarizing, and learning through teaching on the comprehension of sixth grade elementary male students. This was an applied study and the research design was experimental with a pre-test and post-test approach and the control group. The study population included all sixth grade male students at Allameh Tabataba'i School, who were studying in the academic year of 2018-2019. The random available sampling method was used in this study. The total number of students were 59, all of which were participated in the study and divided into three different groups by random convenience sampling method. Then, the first experiment group members (15 subjects) were trained in 8 learning sessions through teaching method. The subjects in the second experimental group (15 subjects) were trained in 8 learning sessions by summarizing method. The control group (n = 29) received no training. Two researcher-made questionnaires were designed to assess the comprehension level of the students. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in the SPSS software. Emphasizing the findings of the research, it can be argued that both learning methods had a favorable effect on the students' comprehension, and increased the students' comprehension level. Based on these findings, one can conclude that these two educational methods have a great impact on increasing the comprehension of sixth grade elementary students.

Abstract Purpose: Smart schools are schools equipped with electronic devices and advanced technology where innovative and new way of learning is taught by processing data and communication within the context of suitable curriculum. Methodology: The basis of current research has been designed to compare the effectiveness of developing creativity between two groups of female high schoolers attending smart schools versus female students attending non-smart schools. Furthermore, all the female subjects were attending 3rd grade which is equivalent of 11th grade students worldwide. The method utilized in this research is the comparison evaluation type. The statistical society of research subjects included female high schoolers of Tehran’s District 8 which encompasses of 10 public schools, 6 non-public or private schools, and one smart high school, with the total population of 1020 in which 300 students were selected by classified random method as the sample group of research. The mentioned random groups were selected from all above-mentioned schools accordingly to their populations. Initially, in order to assess the level of creativity, part A of the Torrance test was given to all subjects at the beginning of the school –year. Part B of the same test was given at the conclusion of the school-year. Finding: The yielding outcome of both tests were analyzed with T test, variance method, and Schaffer's follow-up test final and total assessment and evaluation of all the results a conclusion was reached indicating that the type of smart or non-smart schools had no effect in developing and advancing creativity. Discussion: However, the dual comparison between private and public schools demonstrated a real and factual significant differences with respect to developing creativity. This fact implies that private high schools are more equipped and suited to develop creativity.