الگوها و جریانهای مهاجرتی شهر مشهد طی دو دهه (۱۳7۵-1395 ش) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
روند سریع و روبه رشد مهاجرت، موجب شهرنشینی گسترده و تغییراتی بنیادی در الگوی سکونت شده است. مهاجرت گسترده با برهم زدن تعادل جمعیتی، موجب فشار بر منابع مناطق می شود که به منظور جلوگیری از این فشار، شناخت الگوهای مهاجرت حاکم بر آن مناطق می تواند نقش بسزایی در مدیریت مهاجرت داشته باشد. این مطالعه با استفاده از تحلیل ثانویه داده های سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن استان خراسان رضوی، ضمن بررسی الگوهای مهاجرت شهر مشهد طی بیست سال، به جریان این جابه جایی ها پرداخته است. نتایج نشان داد که بیش از 80% از کل مهاجران وارد شده به شهرستان مشهد، وارد شهر مشهد شده اند. بیشتر مهاجرت ها به صورت درون شهرستانی بوده است؛ اما درمجموع استان های تهران و سیستان و بلوچستان بیشترین مهاجرفرستی به این شهر را داشته اند. ترکیب جمعیتی مهاجران نشان داد، در کنار 80% از مهاجرت های شهربه شهر، مشهد هرساله پذیرای درصد قابل توجهی از مهاجران خارجی نیز بوده که مبدأ عمده آن ها کشور افغانستان است. ادامه جریان مهاجرت گسترده به شهر مشهد منجر به تشدید وضعیت تراکمی این شهر می شود و مسائلی مانند حاشیه نشینی، ایجاد سکونتگاه های غیررسمی، افزایش مشاغل کاذب، مسائل و مشکلات اجتماعی و فرهنگی و غیره را به همراه خواهد داشت.متن
Examining the Patterns and Trends of Migration to Mashhad Over the Last Two Decades (۱۹۹۶-۲۰۱۶)
Introduction
Like many countries worldwide, Iran has experienced significant changes in internal migration patterns. Among the immigration hubs in the country, Khorasan Razavi province has drawn a substantial portion of immigrants from the eastern regions, establishing itself as one of the country’s demographic poles. A significant part of this migration is concentrated in the city of Mashhad. The presence of Imam Reza’s holy shrine has transformed Mashhad into a tourist city that annually welcomes numerous domestic and international tourists. This touristic status, coupled with its advanced levels of social and economic development, has equipped Mashhad with adequate facilities, welfare and educational services, and job opportunities. Consequently, it attracts a large number of people from other regions and even neighboring countries, especially Afghanistan, each year. These factors have led to an increased focus on Mashhad to meet the needs of this population, thereby attracting more immigrants. However, this situation has resulted in a disproportionate distribution of opportunities, facilities, and resources across regions, exacerbating regional development imbalances. Therefore, understanding Mashhad’s migration patterns is crucial for its comprehensive planning and policy-making. Despite the importance of immigration in Mashhad, a review of the research history in the field of immigration reveals that no studies have specifically focused on Mashhad city’s migration. It has only been mentioned in the context of Khorasan-Razavi province in studies such as those by Ziari, Zanjirchi and Sorkh-Kamal (۲۰۱۰), and Zarghani, Hosseini, Ghanbari and Ghiyasi (۲۰۱۶).
Methods
In this study, a macro approach and secondary analysis of migration data spanning ۲۰ years have been employed. The required data includes immigration statistics for the city of Mashhad, which are based on the number of immigrants, the influx and outflux of immigrants, the origin of immigration determined by previous residence, and whether the previous residence was urban or rural. The data, which cover the periods of ۱۹۹۶-۲۰۰۶, ۲۰۰۶-۲۰۱۱, and ۲۰۱۱-۲۰۱۶, were obtained from national censuses. The patterns and trends of migration were examined using the following indicators:
In-migration and out-migration rates: These two rates provide information about the rate of immigrants entering and leaving the region. They also form the basis for more advanced and powerful indicators.
The net migration Rate: it indicates the net migration of a region in a certain period of time. The net migration rate determines the residential pattern of the country at a certain time and is of considerable importance. The net migration rate is obtained from the following:
Migration effectiveness ratio: This index shows the impact of immigration on population redistribution. The Migration Effectiveness Ratio is obtained from the following:
(Bell et al., ۲۰۰۲, pp. ۲۳-۲۵)
The numerical value derived from this index illustrates the impact of immigration on population redistribution at the regional level. A negative value signifies a population decrease in the region due to migration. Conversely, a positive value indicates that internal migration has contributed to an increase in the region’s population.
Result
The findings reveal that Mashhad has consistently attracted a large number of immigrants. On average, during each census period, more than one hundred thousand immigrants enter the city of Mashhad, with fewer individuals leaving. Consequently, in addition to the population increase due to natural growth, Mashhad also experiences a population increase due to migration. However, based on the emigration and immigration rates in Mashhad, it can be inferred that the city's net immigration has decreased during the study period. Despite this decrease, this metropolis remains one of the country’s primary immigrant destinations due to its net positive migration rate. During each period, approximately ۴۰% of all immigrants entering the province of Khorasan Razavi migrate to the city of Mashhad. The migrations to Mashhad primarily originate from nearby provinces, driven by cultural and geographical affinities. More than ۷۰% of the city’s immigrants come from the provinces of Tehran, North and South Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan. Additionally, in each period, about ۴% of the immigrants in Mashhad are foreign immigrants, predominantly from Afghanistan. Following inter-provincial migrations, intra-provincial migration occurs, with the data indicating that the main form of this migration has been intra-county migration. In studying urban and rural migration, the migration pattern of Mashhad aligns with the national model, i.e., the highest migration ratios have consistently been related to urban-to-urban migration.
Conclusion
Given that immigrants entering the city of Mashhad come from diverse age and gender groups and possess varying characteristics, planning for the population increase resulting from migration presents a challenge. The substantial volume of migration to Mashhad has positioned the city as a primary hub within the county and even the province. This phenomenon has emerged following the region’s unbalanced and unequal development. As a result, a large population from other regions with lower levels of development migrates to this metropolis to access its superior economic and educational facilities and services. Provinces such as Sistan-Baluchestan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan, which are less developed compared to Mashhad, have seen their residents migrate to Mashhad to avail the facilities offered by the city. Therefore, a key factor in reducing these migrations is to establish a balance between the capabilities and economic potentials of different regions. Based on the findings of this study and similar research, one of the most effective solutions is to implement policies of sustainable economic enterprises that align with the potential and capabilities of regions, particularly in smaller cities and regions. Considering the significance of employment in migration, increasing investment and creating employment opportunities in smaller cities can not only prevent residents from migrating but also encourage the return of migrants.
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