بررسی تأثیر ایدئولوژی سیاسی بر صنعت گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: ایران) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فضای سیاسی و اقتصادی و حتی مسائل اجتماعی و فرهنگی هر کشور تا حد زیادی متأثر از ایدئولوژی سیاسی حاکم بر آن کشور است. گردشگری به عنوان پدیده ای اجتماعی اقتصادی متأثر از عوامل گوناگونی است که در این میان، ایدئولوژی سیاسی تأثیر بسزایی دارد. رکود یا رونق این صنعت در هر کشور تا حدود زیادی به ایدئولوژی سیاسی بستگی دارد. مسئله تحقیق این است که ایدئولوژی سیاسی ایران چه تأثیری بر صنعت گردشگری در ایران داشته است و چرا ایران به عنوان کشوری با جاذبه های متعدد طبیعی و تاریخی فرهنگی سهم قابل توجهی در جذب گردشگر بین المللی ندارد. روش انجام تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی و تحلیل محتوا (برنامه های پنج ساله توسعه، سند چشم انداز ایران در افق 1404) بوده است. داده های مورد نیاز تحقیق از نهادهای مرتبط ملی (مرکز آمار ایران، مجلس شورای اسلامی و وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی) و نهادهای بین المللی (سازمان گردشگری جهانی، شورای جهانی گردشگری و سفر، موسسه هنلی و همکاران) اخذ شده است و با رقبای منطقه ای و قطبهای گردشگری پیرامون ایران (ترکیه، دبی و مصر) مقایسه شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که ایدئولوژی سیاسی حاکم بر ایران، بازار جذب گردشگر را به گردشگری زیارتی و تا حدودی به گردشگری تاریخی محدود کرده است و مانع توسعه گردشگری ساحلی و اکوتوریسم به عنوان پیشروترین بخش گردشگری در جهان شده است. همچنین نگاه ایدئولوژیکی و امنیت محور حکومت ایران به صنعت گردشگری باعث شده است که این صنعت بیشتر جنبه داخلی و مصرف داخلی پیدا کند و ایران را از منافع ارزی و بین المللی این صنعت کمتر منتفع کند.A Study of the Effect of Political Ideology on Tourism Industry (Case Study: Iran)
ExtendedIntroduction Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity and is the world’s fastest growing industry. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 and International tourism receipts grew to US$1.07 trillion in 2013. In this industry, Marine and coastal tourism has been the fastest growing in the world. This large market is not equal among world countries. Development of tourism in the countries depends to different factors that the most important is political ideology. The political-economical atmosphere and even social and cultural aspects a country impress from state’s political ideology. The tourism as a social-economical phenomenon a lot of is affected from the political ideology. Stagnancy or strenuous this industry a lot of depends on to it. Iran is one of the oldest world civilization and countries. Iran is vast country and the landscapes of Iran are diverse. Iran has diverse climates and more than 2700 kilometers beach. So, this country has a lot of touristic attractions. But, Iran does not have fit rank in attracting international tourist and receipts in region and world. The problem of research is that what has affected Iran’s political ideology on its tourism industry. Why Iran has not any notable contribution from the world market of tourism, although it has a lot of environments and historical-cultural attractions. Methodology Political ideology is independent variable and tourism industry is dependent variable. The data of research gathered from national institutes (the center of Iran statistic, parliament of Islamic council and the ministry of culture and Islamic guide) and international organizations (World Tourism Organization, World Travel and Tourism Council, Henley & Partners institute). Iran’s data compared with touristic centers of the periphery of Iran (Turkey, Dubai and Egypt) by comparative method. Other parts of research used from contain analysis method for analysis of the 5-annual Plans of Economical, Social and Cultural Development of Iran Islamic Republic, the Outlook Document of Iran Islamic Republic in 1404 and some others documents and laws. Result and Discussion Iran has a lot of touristic attractions such as cultural, historical, religious, coastal, maritime, natural attractions and climate diverse. Iran inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO more of its periphery countries. Therefore, Iran is one of the countries full attractions in the world especially in Middle East. But there are various attractions in a country are not enough for development of tourism industry. The rival countries of Iran (Turkey and Egypt) could gain main percent of world market of tourism. Even small territory of Dubai that has not any cultural, historical and climatic attractions, by select fit polities could gain main percent of tourism market of Middle East. Iran was the first country in Middle East that made a decision and planning for attracting international tourism from 80 years ago. Iran attracted the highest percent of international tourists in Middle East in middle 1970s. But suddenly was decreased the international tourism receipts after Islamic revolution in 1979 and continued by Iraq – Iran war. In this time, regional powers of rival Iran such as Turkey and Egypt even Arab United Emirates (Dubai) grew very fast in tourism industry. So, Iran lost geopolitical supremacy in regional tourism. The survey of basic laws and documents of republic of Iran Islamic about tourism show that they do not point to maritime, coastal tourism and eco-tourism. In this documents point to maintain of historical buildings and development of welfare affairs of pilgrims. To seem Iran’s government just supports religious tourism and a little historical tourism industry. Conclusion The countries and geographical spaces involve with the political ideology. This political factor determine tourism type and a lots of percent stagnation or strenuous in a country. The political ideology of Iran’s state has limited tourism market to pilgrim tourism and some deal to historical tourism. Also, Iran state’s security-pivot and ideological view to tourism cussed Iran’s tourism industry has been more domestic aspect. It has been development obstacle of costal tourism and eco-tourism as the most progression of tourism type in the world. 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