مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

rationality


۱.

Morality, Rationality and Impartiality

نویسنده:
منبع: نشریه فلسفه سال ۳۷ بهار ۱۳۸۸ (۲۰۰۹ م) شماره ۱

کلیدواژه‌ها: morality rationality Impartiality moral justification

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Morality as somehow involving rationality and impartiality received classic expression in philosophy of Kant who frankly speaks of “rational and impartial spectator” in contemplating the universal law. The overall aim of this paper is to show (1) that the idea of morality implies rationality and this will be reached at in refuting the moral scepticism; but (2) it does not necessarily indicates impartiality, since the justification of the principle of impartiality does not solve the problem of justifying particular moral principles. I will start with the question “Why should we be moral?” and then turn to moral rationality to refute moral scepticism, finally the relationship between rational morality and the principle of impartiality will be reconsidered.
۲.

Hyper-Rational Choice and Economic Behaviour(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Advances in Mathematical Finance and Application, Volume ۳, Issue ۳, Summer ۲۰۱۸ 69 - 76

کلیدواژه‌ها: Game theory rationality Economic behavior Nash equilibrium

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In this paper, with help of the concept of hyper-rationality, we model the interaction between two investment companies by an important game as trickery game that has special equilibrium which called hyper-equilibrium. In trickery game, one company can choose cooperation with another company until the last moment and finally changes his action to non-cooperation which incur more loss to an opponent. Indeed, the hyper-equilibrium is the point in which only one player can displace equilibrium to another point by changing his action which causes profit or loss to other players so they cannot change their action. Our findings indicate that the kind of behaviour interactive, environmental conditions, and valuation system are based on hostility causes an equilibrium point to incur the maximum loss to an opponent.
۳.

Intuition as a Capacity for a Priori Knowledge(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۸ شماره ۲۸ 147-169

کلیدواژه‌ها: intuition rationality experimental philosophy non-inferentialism Epistemology

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This article lays the groundwork for a defense of rational intuitions by first arguing against a prevalent view according to which intuition is a distinctive psychological state, an “intellectual seeming” that p, that then constitutes evidence that p. An alternative account is then offered, according to which an intuition that p constitutes non-inferential a priori knowledge that p in virtue of the concepts exercised in judging that p. This account of rational intuition as the exercise of conceptual capacities in a priori judgment is then distinguished from the dogmatic, entitlement and reliabilist accounts of intuition’s justificatory force. The article concludes by considering three implications of the proposed view for the Experimental Philosophy movement.
۴.

Rationality from Mulla Sadra’s Viewpoint(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۴, Issue ۲ (۲۰۱۷) 41-53
تعداد بازدید : ۳۵۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۵۵
Providing an exact explication of rationality in a way that would lead to the explication of the scope of rational discourse is among the most fundamental problems of philosophers. In the current essay the author struggles to reach a comprehensive definition of rationality via an exact description and analysis of ideas of Mulla Sadra (1571-1641) as the most significant philosophical figure in the Islamic world according to which one can present all human achievements in the domain of knowledge and science as manifestations of this rationality. Rationality in Sadra’s intellectual system represents a comprehensive term with an analogically graded meaning that in different levels of certainty guarantees the validity of applied, theoretical and intuitive sciences. This comprehensive perspective of the domain of rational discourse can put an end to many disputes on the exact sense of rationality and in doing so, it can bring about a basis for more interaction and sympathy among scholars in various branches of science and open the path for deeper dialogue.
۵.

Comparing and Contrasting Fictional Treatises of Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۵, Issue ۱ (۲۰۱۸) 67-76
تعداد بازدید : ۱۹۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۴
The term ‘SciArt’ refers to bilateral relations between art and science, including artistically-inclined science, science-minded art, and intertwined SciArt activities. In this definition, different disciplines from metaphysics to physics are reckoned as science, as different types of art- from literature to music are counted as art. The SciArt approach, in the fields of philosophical inquiry, can be accounted for by Farabi’s works. As Farabi holds, rational well-being and rational truths just might be brought to mind of people via imagery and analogy. In Islamic philosophy, two representatives of the field are Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi. I will compare and contrast the main characters of these two major figures in chronological order. Plus a few more philosophical and mystical issues Ibn Tufail developed in scientific matters like anatomy, autopsy, and vivisection in the non-allegorical style. Contrary to Ibn Tufail, Suhrawardi explains mystical vs. philosophical problems in his fictions, using the allegorical style. He represents the world of spheres and the sublunary realm by a variety of imageries like nine shells, eleven layers of a basin, and eleven mountains. Both Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi use fictional manner to explain mystical as well as philosophical themes.
۶.

The Position of Superstition and Anti-Superstition in Iran’s Political Thought with an Emphasis on the Qajar Era(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام سال یازدهم تابستان ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۲۳ 45 - 68

کلیدواژه‌ها: Political Thought Superstition rationality Development Qajar era Iran

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During Qajar era, superstition and anti-superstition have had great impact on Iran's political thought. Superstitious context as an irrational process and major obstacle to the growth of political thought in Iran, exhorted the society towards subjectivist and reductionist approach. Rational intellectuals, on the other hand, endeavored to erode superstitious trends for pushing the society towards rationality and development. This article with a qualitative historical and analytical methodology and through collecting the library data tries to answer the question that "how superstitious culture had influenced the political thought of Iran during the Qajar period?" The hypothesis of the research is that the culture of superstition and irrationality through subjectivism and reductionism influenced the political thought of Iran during Qajar era, which in its turn led to the "intellectual despotism" and consequently to the "political tyranny". Based on the Giddens conception of the interaction between structure and agency, the article concludes that the contextual factors notably the superstitious culture led to the despotic mindset of Iranian rulers during Qajar period.
۷.

Quine on Charity and Rationality(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۳۲ 134 - 147

کلیدواژه‌ها: rationality the principles of charity psychological plausibility Empathy and projection truth

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W. V. Quine borrows the principle of charity from Neil Wilson, but modifies and enriches its content to fit into his naturalistic philosophy and epistemology. While Wilson ties this principle to the notion of truth, Quine’s attempts in finding a ground for it lead him to the concept of common rationality shared by all human beings, which is ultimately what makes communication, as the basis of our social life, possible. According to the paper's argument, three other expressions, that is, the principles of psychological plausibility, empathy, and projection, which Quine uses in the contexts akin to that of the principle of charity, are not but different terms for one basic idea. Given the ties between the principle of charity and rationality, Quine's wide use of the principle and its affiliated notions proves that rationality is a central, often neglected, idea in his philosophy. The paper begins with an introductory account of the brief explanation Wilson gives of the principle of charity. Then it spells out four concepts or principles of charity, psychological plausibility, empathy, and projection showing how these four notions or principles basically express the same thing. Examining the relation of these last three principles with the principle of charity and rationality, the paper's main objective is to highlight the centrality of common rationality in Quine's philosophy, despite the common view that Quine is purely engaged with semantical aspects of Language. 
۸.

Designing a Good Corporate Governance Model in the Context of Ethics and Rationality(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: International Journal of Ethics and Society, Vol ۳, No ۱, (۶-۲۰۲۱) 41-49
تعداد بازدید : ۳۵۳ تعداد دانلود : ۲۴۴
Background: Corporate governance is one of the most important business issues that depends on business ethics and rationality. Therefore, in this research, the model of corporate governance in the context of ethics and rationality was designed . Method: The present study was qualitative and based on the grounded theory. The study population consisted of faculty members and PhD students, experts and specialists, and managers and staff of Tehran Water and Sewerage Company who have a good view in the field of corporate governance. 24 people from the population by sampling method Snowballs were selected as the sample until they reached theoretical saturation. The analysis tool was a semi-structured interview and finally the data were analyzed by triple coding method (open, axial and selective) in MAXQDA software. Results: A total of 1032 significant phrases were identified in the interviews, from which 99 codes were extracted and classified into 29 main concepts, and with the axial coding method, they were placed in a suitable position and formed the research model . Conclusion: If this model of corporate governance is applied in the context of ethics and rationality, it can create consequences such as improving the operational performance of the organization, improving business ethics, trust and value creation for shareholders, etc. for the organization and stakeholders .
۹.

Phenomenology and Post-Modernity

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۴ شماره ۳ 7 - 21

کلیدواژه‌ها: post modernity phenomenological reduction rationality reasoning truth

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۴۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۰
The challenge to re-think Post-Modernity opens up if we see modernity in the light ef the phenomenological reduction. 5uspending belief in the central tenets of Modern Philosopf?y discloses that the so-called post• modernist pbilosopby mere!J extends the earlier projec: The failure o] calculative reason trumpeted by po-mo thinkers need not result in the end of the proiect ef rationality. Rather, rethinking the philosophic tradition in a radical fashion leads to greater inclusion ef other perspectives andfaculties and more possibilities far reasoning together in the search for truth.
۱۰.

Phenomenology and Post-Modernity

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۵ شماره ۷ 125 - 138

کلیدواژه‌ها: post modernity phenomenological reduction rationality reasoning truth

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۷
The challenge to re-think Post-Modernity opens up if we see modernity in the light ef the phenomenological reduction. 5uspending belief in the central tenets of Modern Philosopf?y discloses that the so-called post• modernist pbilosopby mere!J extends the earlier projec: The failure o] calculative reason trumpeted by po-mo thinkers need not result in the end of the proiect ef rationality. Rather, rethinking the philosophic tradition in a radical fashion leads to greater inclusion ef other perspectives andfaculties and more possibilities far reasoning together in the search for truth.
۱۱.

On Defining African Philosophy: History, Challenges, and Perspectives

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۶ شماره ۹ 1 - 14

کلیدواژه‌ها: African Pbilosopby definidons traditionalists primitive people rationality Etbno-philosophers modernists Relevance

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Consequent upon .Africans' denialfa rational men!ali!J f:y ear!J European anthropologists, ethnographers, sociologists and religious scholars, through some so-called 'Theories of the primitive people': ma,ry .African scholars eJpecial91 · in the jield ofphilosophy rose to the challenge of articulating a distinct philosopl?J for their people to combat their mental and intellectual denigration. H oueier, due to the challe1zges posed f:y modern civilization, disagreement arouse concerning the focus and contents of African philosopy. This paper examines the background to the challenges of having a viable definition of .African philosopfy. It concludes that /lfricc111 philosopl!J mus: encompass basic attributes of philosopy S11ch as reflection, conaptual analysis and criticism. But above all, these attribntes must be applied lo African needs and wqys of Ifft, which mqy not he <geo<graphical!J limited.
۱۲.

Coordinates of the "Revolutionary System" Theory in the Second Phase Statement Emphasising the Rationality Structure(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Contemporary Research on the Islamic Revolution, Volume ۴, Issue ۱۱, Winter ۲۰۲۲ 51 - 70

کلیدواژه‌ها: Trans-Theory The Great Islamic Revolution Revolutionary System Theory rationality Problemology

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The second phase is a strategic and intelligent statement based on the model design of the self-construction levels, socialisation and civilisation-making. Emphasising the human-divine epistemology in the transcendent-oriented rationality creates a new chapter in deepening and expanding the Islamic Revolution. The modern phrase "The Great Islamic Revolution" as a meta-theory of a revolutionary system is based on Islamism, independence, popular movement and freedom that caused understanding the theory of the revolutionary system. With a qualitative method and an interpretive approach of inferential analysis, the present study aimed to answer the main question 'What are the coordinates of the rationality structure in the rational system theory?'. Another aim is to explain the conceptualisation of the revolutionary system theory, emphasising rationality. This theory emphasises the relationship between justice, rationality, spirituality and freedom. Spirituality is work spirit; justice is directer and valuator things; freedom, human choice and rationality are considered the essential work tools in the Islamic system. Paying attention to the philosophical understanding of the problem, timeology, futurism, moderation, gaining experience, and the relationship between realism and idealism is one of the characteristics of this transcendent-oriented rationality. The result of this rationality will be a logical political analysis and decision, increasing the authority of the political system and proper enemyology. Community building based on faith, science and justice has unique characteristics that believe in it wisely and effectively, leads to self-confidence, progress and authority of Islamic Iran.
۱۳.

Investigating the Processes of Revolutionary Rationality Formation in the Speech System of the Islamic Revolution(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Contemporary Research on the Islamic Revolution, Volume ۴, Issue ۱۱, Winter ۲۰۲۲ 157 - 178

کلیدواژه‌ها: Shiism rationality Islamic revolution History philosophy mysticism Jurisprudence

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The present study aimed to analyse the process that caused revolutionary rationality. Revolutionary rationality supported extreme action in the years 1356-57. Shia political thought through the centuries has developed fertile and deep rationality in various fields of knowledge such as philosophy, history, mysticism and jurisprudence. "Philosophical Rationality" means that religion is interpreted with philosophy and given a philosophical form. "Jurisprudential Rationality" is the proven reason that establishes the goodness of religious rules and command. "Historical Rationality" identifies the principles and regulations behind the events of history, and "Mystical Rationality" is the expression of mystical meanings through rational style. Revolutionary rationality is rooted in the above principles. This rationality interacted with revelation and supported it, and had a relationship with other ideas, including the thought system in the old and new West, and emerged during the Islamic Revolution. Revolutionary rationality was manifested in the words of the revolutionary leaders in explaining the objective situation of society and politics, as well as in drawing the future of the revolution. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is discourse analysis and its result, explaining the achievements of this rationality in overcoming the political order of Taghut and the birth of the Shia political order.
۱۴.

Reasons, Emotions, and Evidentialism: Reflections on William Wainwright’s Reason and the Heart(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و چهارم پاییز ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۹۳) 49 - 76

کلیدواژه‌ها: William Wainwright evidentialism hinge epistemology justification Pragmatism rationality reasons religious belief

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In Reason and the Heart , William Wainwright defends a kind of religious evidentialism, one that takes int consideration the promptings of the heart, provided the heart is a virtuous one; and he claims that this view is able to avoid relativism. Here, Wainwright’s evidentialism is examined in relation to other views that have gone by that name. Wainwright’s position is briefly stated together with an expression of doubt about its ability to fend off relativism. Following this, an outline of the history of evidentialism is presented. It is concluded that Wainwright’s view is not really a form of evidentialism at all. Evidentialism may be weakened in two ways: (1) redefining “evidence” to include elements that are not recognized by objectifying inquiry; (2) allowing subjective factors, such as religious emotions, to govern the interpretation of the evidence. Wainwright describes his view as a form of evidentialism because it does not avail itself of (1); but it is only misleadingly called “evidentialism” because of (2). After making this case, several reasons are presented for rejecting evidentialism. It is argued that evidentialists focus attention of what the evidence is to determine whether beliefs are justified or rational, while how the evidence is treated is of no less importance when beliefs are supported by reasons. Furthermore, there are beliefs the justification of which is a practical matter of commitment to a more general framework rather than inference from some body of evidence. It is suggested that some religious beliefs may fall into this category.
۱۵.

Pragmatic Rationalism: Popper, Bartley and varieties of rationalism(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی بهار ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴۲ 140 - 150

کلیدواژه‌ها: Popper refutation rationality inquiry Bartley science justification

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تعداد بازدید : ۷۷ تعداد دانلود : ۹۰
Rational discussion guides, but does not compel individual decisions, and the best process of inquiry and decision should vary with a person’s goals and situation. Sir Karl Popper noted that after a result of observation or experiment has been obtained by independent researchers, scientists agree to reject as false theories that are contradicted by accepted facts. Popper, though, wrongly assumed this consensus also applies to acceptance for purposes of research. In reality researchers develop competing theories about which evidence is currently in conflict, and sometimes even refuting the theories in their current form. Further, Popper asserted that only negative arguments should be used in rational inquiry. In reality, productive inquiry involves also positive arguments, even in science. Positive considerations such as which basic theories are justified by the researcher’s preferred metaphysics, or what theories in applied science are justified by existing accepted basic theories, are also used productively
۱۶.

Rationality vis-à-vis Relativity: Accounted for Imagination and ‘the Permanent’ in Farabi’s Philosophy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۳۰, Issue ۳ (۲۰۲۳) 1-11

کلیدواژه‌ها: Farabi rationality Relativity relativism imagination The Permanent

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Rationality or relativity? In which one does Farabi believe? How does it relate to imagination and the permanent, if at all? For Farabi, people come to grasp rational truths mostly through the use of their imagination. Furthermore, the arousal of people’s feelings and emotions often originates in their imagination via imagery forms. The ultimate utopian goal is to drive the public to achieve rational happiness. Since the public, based on their nature and general habits, in effect cannot perceive the rational truths, the path to rational happiness must be represented via their imagination. Moreover, their imaginary concepts and forms should be made the permanent. So bringing rational happiness to people's minds through their imagination, the media of each society should represent rational truths through the sensory and imagery forms familiar to that society. The Farabian theory of cognition shares aspects of relativity as well as rationality. To Farabi, rational truth and rational happiness is fixed and one, having only one denotation, while its connotations, say, images and imagery forms are various and sundry. That being the case, different communities can have different ways to perceive the same truth, working toward the same goal.
۱۷.

The Analysis and Critique of Cognitive Rationality from Rescher’s Viewpoint

نویسنده:
منبع: Theosophia Islamica, Vol ۲,No ۲, Issue ۴, (۲۰۲۲) 136 - 167

کلیدواژه‌ها: rationality cognitive rationality Skepticism Rescher

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تعداد بازدید : ۸۳ تعداد دانلود : ۴۶
In Rescher’s view, the cognitive rationality is using dialectic arguments for managing the acceptance of various beliefs and answering the individual’s questions in the best way – an approach that can entail access to rational propositions and true knowledge. While believing in the limitation of rational faculties, Rescher maintains that the intelligence endowed in human being in an evolutional way prepares the ground for his access to the authentic knowledge. The cognitive importance of the criterion of investigating the value of knowledge suggests the existence of an effective factor that can help us in qualitative and quantitative promotion of and deepening our essential information. Skepticism rejects the possibility of accessing authentic information and puts a seemingly strong obstacle on the way to implementing and realizing the goals of argument, and maintains that cognitive rationality is never possible. Rescher considers justification of skepticism based on the wrong assumption that the rational justification of a belief is restricted to the deductive reasoning founded on pre-justified propositions. However, in addition to this, we have the method of hypothetical justification that skeptics ignore.
۱۸.

Political Rationality in Farabi’s Thought(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Islamic Political Thought, Vol ۸, Issue ۲, (Serial ۱۴), Fall ۲۰۲۱ 33 - 48

کلیدواژه‌ها: rationality Political Rationality Farabi Islam

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Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Al Farabi is the founder of Islamic philosophy and the greatest philosopher of the Islamic world. Though, among Islamic thinkers, Farabi should be considered as a group of thinkers seeking harmony between reason and religion, but with a description of the earthly divine wisdom of man, inspired by the souls of the grace of the Plotinus, the intellect transcends the intellect beyond the imagination, and compares it with the religious version of the divine intellect and puts it to a higher rank than the creed. The study of political rationality in the sense of understanding the type of role and the flow of reason in the pillars of the political system with this Aristotelian philosopher shows that the starting point of his theory of reason is Aristotle’s book “On the Soul”; but the idealist Farabi is in favor of a unified system in utopia. Using the use of Islam and Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy, he describes the characteristics of a desirable society, a higher classification of society and the problems of the utopian system, Everywhere reason  rules  over other things, a rationale that compared with faith and religion(shariah) has some privilages. Farabi regards happiness as the ultimate goal of the political community and emphasizes the importance of intellect in individual and political ethics. The main question of the article is what is the role of reason in al-Farabi’s philosophical theorem, and how does Farabi make a relation between reason and religion in his political theory? The findings of the article show that reason and rationality play a pivotal role in theoretical philosophy of al-Farabi, being pivotal, descending, ultimate, and along with the revelation and even beyond it in Farabi’s political thought, and religion has a secondary role. Farabi’s approach in this way is philosophical.
۱۹.

Shia Rationality and the Challenge of Takfirism in the Islamic Revolution Leaders’ Discourse(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Islamic Political Thought, Vol ۱۰, Issue ۲, (Serial ۲۰), Fall ۲۰۲۳ 161 - 178

کلیدواژه‌ها: Islamic revolution Takfirism rationality Islamic modern civilization Imam Khomeini Ayatollah Khamenei

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As one of the main goals of Iranian Islamic Revolution, achieving a modern Islamic civilization derived from Islamic rationality is faced with some challenges. As the most fundamental for an intellectual system, such intellectual challenged can be named “rationality”. On this basis, using attributional analysis type of the qualitative research method, this paper is to answer the following question: “Based on the Islamic revolution leaders’ viewpoints and at the regional level, which most fundamental intellectual challenge does the Islamic revolution face on its way for achieving its depicted high level goals, i.e., bringing up a modern Islamic civilization, and how could they be overcome? The findings indicate that “Takfiri rationality” is the most fundamental challenge at the regional level. Challenge gaps between Takfiri rationality and Shia rationality at the region can be worded as “adhering to texts versus narrations”, “opposing the reason“, “monotheism and accusing Islamic sects”, “believing in and relying on the Prophet companions’ fairness” as well as “opposing emulation”. Criticizing such a rationality, Shia rationality emphasized on “monotheism in Shia school of thought and being free of superstition”, “emphasizing on the necessity of empowering the Islamic revolution and the Islamic axis of resistance”, “the necessity of annihilating ISIS as the main promoter of Islamophobia all over the world”, “opposing any kind of violence and act of terrorism” as well as “denying whatsoever kind of dividing Islamic sects”. Hereupon, operational solutions for dealing with the challenge of Takfirism are proposed in three categories, namely intellectual-scientific, cultural, political and military-security.
۲۰.

Harmony of Science, Technology and Ethics(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: International Journal of Ethics and Society, Vol ۶, No ۱, (۶-۲۰۲۴) 10 - 19
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲ تعداد دانلود : ۸
Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ethics, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.