حکمت و فلسفه

Consequent upon .Africans' denialfa rational men!ali!J f:y ear!J European anthropologists, ethnographers, sociologists and religious scholars, through some so-called 'Theories of the primitive people': ma,ry .African scholars eJpecial91 · in the jield ofphilosophy rose to the challenge of articulating a distinct philosopl?J for their people to combat their mental and intellectual denigration. H oueier, due to the challe1zges posed f:y modern civilization, disagreement arouse concerning the focus and contents of African philosopy. This paper examines the background to the challenges of having a viable definition of .African philosopfy. It concludes that /lfricc111 philosopl!J mus: encompass basic attributes of philosopy S11ch as reflection, conaptual analysis and criticism. But above all, these attribntes must be applied lo African needs and wqys of Ifft, which mqy not he <geo<graphical!J limited.

''Philosopl!J of History" is one of the Jpecijic terms of the modern age and enlightenment era which has been raised in the philosophical scientific Jpace of eighteen century. This new approach to history based on the human knowledge of things and relation between tbem, and since 1mderstcmding the external things and accidents means fry a priori mode/ of knower, so "tbe history "finds an suqjective aspea and now it would be asked how can to apply this new mean of history to another tradition or even current evolutions? A11d is it possible to definite another sort of Philosophy of history or no?

The notion of "H11ma11 Rights" encompass the two notions of "man" and "right" and the relationship between them. This relationship, boiueoer; pertains to much of theoretical as well as philosophical elaboration. Looking critical!J al the prevailing conception of this relationship, name!J that ofpossessive individualism, this paper points to a different conception for such relationsbip. Using the two metaphors of "Red Reason" and "Green Rights", a theo!y qf "human rights" is elaborated according to an i!lmninationist (Eshraghi) conception of "man" and an emancipatory conception qf 111ight".