Superstition

During Qajar era, superstition and anti-superstition have had great impact on Iran's political thought. Superstitious context as an irrational process and major obstacle to the growth of political thought in Iran, exhorted the society towards subjectivist and reductionist approach. Rational intellectuals, on the other hand, endeavored to erode superstitious trends for pushing the society towards rationality and development. This article with a qualitative historical and analytical methodology and through collecting the library data tries to answer the question that "how superstitious culture had influenced the political thought of Iran during the Qajar period?" The hypothesis of the research is that the culture of superstition and irrationality through subjectivism and reductionism influenced the political thought of Iran during Qajar era, which in its turn led to the "intellectual despotism" and consequently to the "political tyranny". Based on the Giddens conception of the interaction between structure and agency, the article concludes that the contextual factors notably the superstitious culture led to the despotic mindset of Iranian rulers during Qajar period.

Present research is considered applied-developmental in its objective and qualitative concerning the research nature of data, and the research design was the interpretative structural model (ISM). In order to gather data, semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts in the consumer behavior domain, selected by theoretical sampling, have been utilized. The statistical population includes all sports managers, sports specialists, and fans, and sampling continued until theoretical sufficiency was achieved. After research completion, results were sent to two participants, and their opinions were approved by identifying indices related to football fans' superstitious behavior to draw the interpretative- structural model of factors influencing football fans' superstitious behavior. The result indicated the level of dependence and influence power of each index according to which individual characteristics and environmental conditions in the region under the influence include inculcation index in the autonomous region (independent) and indices of relief, the transmission of evil, coercion, and deterrence in the dependent region.

From a long time until now, one of the methods of fighting against the Holy Quran has been to spread doubts against this divine book, and in this regard, the opponents have not spared any effort. Among these doubts, the superstition of the scientific data of the Holy Quran, which has been repeatedly raised by the opponents. According to them, the root of the scientific propositions of the Quran should be sought in the superstitious and false beliefs of the past, which the Prophet (PBUH) borrowed from the past and the scientific-cultural environment of his age. In this context, recently a book entitled "Criticism of the Qur'an" written by a person named Saha was published, and in order to achieve this goal, the author has put forward the claim that some scientific material in the Holy Qur'an is derived from some superstition in order to achieve this goal. And it is old wrong. He has made great efforts to connect the scientific statements of the Quran with the scientific opinions of the ancient world and old superstitions in every possible way. The current research, which was carried out by a descriptive-analytical method with a critical orientation and based on library sources, aims to investigate this claim and criticize it, and tries to establish the relationship between the scientific propositions of the Qur'an by conducting a comprehensive research on a number of these doubts. and explain the scientific opinions of the ancient world.