science

Background: Reason is one of the main elements of criminal proceedings. Historically, criminal justice systems are usually divided into two general types: in the first type, called the "legal evidence system", the reason is only what is stated in the law, and therefore the judge has the right to document his sentence other than It does not have. In the second category, which is called the "system of persuasion of the judge", in addition to the evidence permitted by law, the judge can study other evidence and even evaluate, injure and modify the evidence presented, but the issue that is important and is very important from a legal and moral point of view is the basis of the judge's knowledge and how to achieve it. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze science and knowledge from a philosophical-ethical perspective from the perspective of evidence of criminal litigation to provide the conditions for explaining the knowledge of the judge and ways to achieve this knowledge as the most important evidence of litigation. Conclusion: The knowledge of the judge is one of the positive reasons in criminal cases that obtained as a result of examination, exploration, and investigation of the judge in the referral cases for him. Science can be valid and cited when the reasons for achieving it are legal and in accordance with judicial ethics. Therefore, personal knowledge that does not have a rational and legal basis and origin cannot be a criterion and document for issuing a judge's verdict.

Fascinated by the recent scientific progress, even some philosophers today claim that philosophy is dead and that natural sciences (quantum cosmology, cognitive sciences) can answer questions which were once considered a domain of metaphysics: is our universe finite? Do we have free will? etc. The essay tries to problematize this claims by raising a series of questions. First, it is easy to show that modern science itself relies on a series of philosophical propositions. Second, what accounts for the role of science in our world is its link with capitalism. Third, we should distinguish between knowledge and truth: not only philosophy, other discourses (like Marxism or psychoanalysis) also practice a notion of truth which cannot be reduced to knowledge.  

Herman Philipse considers “religious beliefs, faith and religion [to be] incompatible with science or reason”; he defines religion scientifically and specifically rejects religious doctrine. He describes reason “… as the whole of methods of empirical scientific research and critical discursive thinking as they have evolved in the scientific tradition and will continue to develop in the future” and he defines “… the phenomenon of conscience as a mental organ that can be scientifically explained and that makes the religious explanation superfluous …”. Herman Philipse classifies science as the highest in rank, discards religion and sees philosophy, a rational view of the world, as based solely on the sciences. For his subject, Hans Achterhuis “… primarily cites biologists, ethologists and evolutionary psychologists with a philosophical interest” because “they presently have more to offer [him] than do his immediate colleagues”. Furthermore, “… it will be clear that ethologists and sociobiologists are of the opinion that the violent behaviour of human beings must be understood in part from the point of view of the evolutionary history of the sort ….. most philosophers and anthropologists are not aware of this. Their considerations suggest that violence only entered our world together with humankind”. Achterhuis’s choice is a “historic concept of violence”.

Science and technology diplomacy has been considered as one of the influential tools in the international arena by many countries and even trade and political unions. The European Union has also implemented various programs with Central Asian countries. The research question is what are the goals and objectives of EU science and technology diplomacy in Kazakhstan? The results show that EU scientific diplomacy is pursued in two forms: scientific diplomacy based on technology and scientific diplomacy based on the humanities in Central Asia. For example, 4 to 7-year programs have been implemented in Central Asian countries, such as Kazakhstan include biology, genomics and biotechnology for health, information technologies, nanotechnology, knowledge-based multifunctional materials and new manufacturing processes and tools, air and space, food quality and safety. The main focus of the program is on Kazakhstan. The main objectives of these programs appear to monitor the country's nuclear activities with the aim of preventing nuclear proliferation via support from the model of neoliberal economic development, increase the capacity of civil society, and support the soft power of the union. This research will use descriptive-analytical methods and second-hand data collection.

Raising issues thereby man is guided to the Right Path, the Holy Qur’an refers to scientific issues. One of the most important axes in the Qur’an is the origin and creation of man. The quality of his creation and the origin of his life are discussed fluently in 76 verses of 41 Surahs. With the growth of embryology in the twentieth century, some have sought to adapt such verses to it to clarify the truths of the Qur’an to the audience, while others have challenged such verses and raised misconceptions such as inconsistency of embryonic stages in the Qur’an with the embryology, semen coming out of the spine and ribs (solb and tarā’ib), devaluating semen, the creation of the fetus from the male sperm and not paying attention to the role of the female sperm, determining the time of the fetus sex, descripting sperm as amshāj, the difference of ‘alaq without “tā” and with “tā”, the difference between the adding letters of “thumma”, “fā”, and so on. As a result, the confirmation of embryological knowledge by the valuable Qur’anic teachings in the study of human creation is proved. Also the mentioned misconceptions have basic problems, for the issues referred in the Qur’an are consistent with the findings of modern science, as well as, there are reasonable answers to all these doubts and differences.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : The question of whether religion is compatible with science has occupied a prominent place in the discussions of the nineteenth century and some thinkers hold the view that science and religion are incompatible. In contrast to this view, those who believe that religion and science cannot be opposed to each other, argue that they are two aspects of the facts of life; One aspect touches the soul while the other indicates material advancement. METHOD AND FINDING : This paper tends to deal descriptively and analytically with the relation between science and religion from the view point of Hans Kong as one of the present theologians. Considering the main purpose of religions, the relationship among ethics and religion and modern science is stricter. In other word, religions have come to improve the moral activities in human’s life, and they have to lead him to goodness and happiness; Because science cannot bring the value for man but religion can. The ethics of religion can solve many problems of mankind; For example purification to complete goodness and bring new horizons of human’s perfection. Religion gives peace to the scientifically advanced and worried society. CONCLUSION : Therefore, in this paper, an attempt was made to examine and analyze the main points of Hans Kung viewpoint of compatibility and alignment in the relationship between science and religion, and other areas such as the beginning of the universe, creation of the world, and etc.

The Holy Qur'an is a complete and comprehensive heavenly book from God Almighty, which has been given the attention and reflection of thinkers and scholars of the Qur'an with the aim of meeting the needs of mankind in every age. The purpose of the present research is to answer the question of the feasibility of entering the Qur'an in the field of science and its quality. The research method is analytical-descriptive and with a view on the practical interaction of the Qur’an with other sciences. One of the innovations of the research is a special look at the amount of Qur’anic teachings entering different fields of science. The results of the research estimates show that this interaction is an obvious matter in theoretical sciences such as: jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, literature, history, economics, physics and in the field of experimental sciences such as: agricultural and animal husbandry sciences, natural resources and environment, zoology, botany and Chemistry, as a stream-creating matter, a pattern and a guiding line in the direction of the perfection of science and, accordingly, in the direction of the happiness of human beings.  

Rational discussion guides, but does not compel individual decisions, and the best process of inquiry and decision should vary with a person’s goals and situation. Sir Karl Popper noted that after a result of observation or experiment has been obtained by independent researchers, scientists agree to reject as false theories that are contradicted by accepted facts. Popper, though, wrongly assumed this consensus also applies to acceptance for purposes of research. In reality researchers develop competing theories about which evidence is currently in conflict, and sometimes even refuting the theories in their current form. Further, Popper asserted that only negative arguments should be used in rational inquiry. In reality, productive inquiry involves also positive arguments, even in science. Positive considerations such as which basic theories are justified by the researcher’s preferred metaphysics, or what theories in applied science are justified by existing accepted basic theories, are also used productively

The Abrahamic religions include the three monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All of these religions consider Abraham as their ancestor, and they consider science to be the knowledge of the universe and humanity, which are divine revelations. The framework of science in the Abrahamic religions uses three basic concepts: 1) monotheism (as a fundamental principle, a single and all-encompassing Divine vision) 2) the universe (as a divine creation) 3) science (as an all-encompassing knowledge about the world as the sign of God). The purpose of writing this paper is to find the common principles governing science among Abrahamic religions, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources. The results of this research is an intellectual attempt to draw on the commonalities between various Abrahamic religions in the areas of constructive dialogue in the field of globalization, based on revelatory and spiritual teachings, to achieve the unification of the world, which is one of the divine promises and is rooted in the natural foundations of humanity. 

Contemporary theology is realizing the importance of integrating the knowledge of modern/contemporary physics into the metaphysical and ontological categories used to consider God and the God-world relationship. Time is a complex notion with different meanings, characterized by a plurality of uses. The concept of time opens up to broader conceptions than those of physics, mathematics, and philosophy and reveals that the human being, the earth, and the cosmos are not the center of space or time. The concepts of space, time, and matter, to which the concept of vacuum is connected, are of central importance in any modern physical theory, and particularly in the theories of unification. It is being discovered that spacetime is absent at the most fundamental level and only emerges at an appropriate limit. This emerging image of time leads to new conceptual challenges that must be faced in parallel with philosophy and theological researchto achieve its correct understanding. It is a comparison of the viewpoints of the three investigative domains concerned with understanding the nature of consciousness, namely science, philosophy, and metaphysics. This thought process is connected to the intuitions of the contemplative and mystical traditions and seems to be in line with current scientific thought, which can be mathematically expressed. Recent scientific research struggles to grasp the subjective aspect of consciousness; subjective experience is in conflict with the figure of the observer classically understood in the scientific sense. The evolution of life and the relationship with the transcendent could have their information basis in a hyper-complex multi-dimensional space; recent efforts try to explain how mental states exist in the higher dimensions of this hyperspace; some recent models of unification integrate matter and consciousness through the use of this primordial multi-dimensional dynamic space. Ontological interpretations of quantum theory have been given, leading to patterns of bidirectional flow of consciousness between an explicate and an implicate order, supporting both local and non-local phenomena in the cosmos. The paper aims to offer an overview of the indicated issues with a trans-disciplinary method and through interesting hints for thought.

In the Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant said that cognition (objective perception) is acquired in the unity of sensibility (the receptivity of the mind to receive empirical representations of things, which yields intuitions) and the understanding (in which concepts – general representations of things – arise), and is mediated by the imagination. Here, it is shown that numbers, either pure or denominate, are cognized in the synthesis of intuition and mathematical concept, and that the phenomenal world of the cognizer is shaped accordingly. Any number can be related to any other number through a general mathematical formula conceived by the cognizer for the purpose. The judgment of the cognizer is manifest in the specifics of the mathematical relationship established between the two numbers in cognition. If the cognized number is the numerical value of a physical constant then in the (consistent) phenomenal world it will always have been of the value found in cognition, which explains why the universe seems to be fine-tuned for life. If the cognized number is the numerical value of a physical variable, then the number will be subject to change in accordance with physical laws. Symmetry is a recurrent feature of the phenomenology. A mathematical formula conceived by the cognizer may also relate, one to one, the numerical values of quantities in one set with the numerical values of quantities of different dimensionality in another set, which suggests that physical laws are human inventions and that causality is a pure concept of the understanding.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ethics, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.