grounded theory

This research aims to design an integrated model for digital marketing based on marketing intelligence and validate the model in the ISACO Company. The research uses a mixed-methods descriptive survey design. In the qualitative phase, the model and nine theoretical hypotheses were proposed using grounded theory and a semi-structured questionnaire. Fourteen academic experts and managers in the area of marketing and sales were interviewed until theoretical saturation was achieved. Then, the model and proposed hypotheses were validated using the quantitative method of structural equation modeling. A questionnaire rated by the Likert scale was distributed among 340 active employees in the relevant areas to the research topic with at least a Bachelor’s degree chosen by the convenience sampling method in the ISACO Company and affiliated companies. The structural model and hypotheses related to causal factors, core category, contextual factors, strategies, and consequences (except the moderating role of environmental factors) were validated by the research findings.

The term of brownfield and its redevelopment has been considered extensively in the world urban planning literature. However, the nature of the brownfields and the differences between how they are created in countries have caused this term to be defined based on the contextual and typological conditions in each country, involving a wide range of lands. Meanwhile, despite the high importance of brownfield development in improving the quality of urban life, this issue is still neglected in the urban planning system of Iran. Therefore, this study is aimed to propose the definition of brownfield sits in Iranian cities and their typology as a policy to help reconsider them in urban development plans. After presenting the adaptive criteria extracted from the relevant literature, experts in this field were interviewed to determine the main categories of this concept in the country’s cities using the grounded theory qualitative method. Then, the rules and regulations related to the categories were reviewed to finally define this concept and present its comparative typology. The findings show that in Iranian cities, the brownfield sites comprise abandoned sites or lands including activities that pollute the environment, being incompatible with authorized urban activities. According to this definition, twelve types of brownfield sites can be identified in Iranian cities, in which the activities are incompatible with urban activities and they require intervention for development, and one type includes lands with no function at present, in which development has occurred previously.

Retirement is one of the difficult events. Athletes should adapt to the difficult experiences and heighten a sense of worth. Drug abuse as a negative coping behavior is a painful reaction to retirement. The aim is to identify the factors influencing the tendency of retired elite wrestlers to drug abuse. With a biomedical approach, this phenomenon was investigated. Using the method of contextual theory and semi-structured in-depth qualitative interview technique, factors influencing the tendency of retired elite wrestlers to drug abuse were studied. The data analysis method was coding, done in three stages of open, selective and axial coding. The data are in a paradigm model. Factors such as sexual needs, strenuous exercise and injury were taken as causal conditions; physical pain is taken as a mediating condition, and retirement age and first experience of drug abuse as an intervening condition and physiological need and doping as contextual conditions. These factors created a paradigm model. Athletes' strategies for drug abuse are: leisure purposes, wider variety of drugs, continuity of drug use and finally compulsive drug use. The consequences of drug abuse were initially pleasant and positive, but with continued drug use, it had harmful consequences physically, psychologically and socially.

Despite a strong background in education and human resources, teachers’ Individual Development Planning (IDP), as a reflective tool for further learning, has remained untouched in the domain of ELT. Therefore, the current study is an attempt to investigate EFL teachers’ IDP in light of the grounded theory approach in an Iranian context. To do so, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 17 expert participants selected through purposive sampling in the field of IDP from all over Iran. Interviews were transcribed and labeled as open, axial, and selective codes. The results led to 9 main categories of EFL teachers’ IDP: identifying EFL teachers’ current status, identifying EFL teachers’ duties, tasks, and educational needs, school and teachers’ mutual agreement, setting goals, providing resources, planning for an IDP, implementing an IDP, self-evaluation, and reformative acts. Data also unveiled the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions in the way of developing and implementing an IDP. The findings of the study can have theoretical and practical implications for EFL teachers, school principals, and educational policymakers.

Job isolation affects the quality of work-life of school principals. Given the vital role of the principals in the success of the schools and, consequently, the success of the community, this issue is of particular importance. Current qualitative research is done to develop a model to prevent job isolation of school principals in Iran based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory and systematic approach. The research participants were school principals of three educational levels in Iran. A total of 18 school principals were selected by theoretical purposeful sampling method. In-depth semi-structured interviews continued data collection until theoretical saturation. Content analysis based on the continuous comparison method of Strauss and Corbin was used to analyze the interview texts. The results of data analysis during three stages of open, axial, and selective coding were 13 core categories, 34 subcategories, and 133 concepts analyzed within the framework of the paradigm model and in the form of causal conditions (Occupational causes and Managerial causes), contextual conditions (Extra-school Causes, Inter-school Causes, and Human causes), intervening conditions (Demographic causes and the atmosphere of society), strategies (Existence of spiritual assets in the organization, Creating a supportive umbrella, Managerial style, and Modifying the strategic structure of education), and consequences (Micro consequences and Macro consequences). The Lincoln and Guba (1985) approach was used to validate the data, including creditability, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. According to this study’s findings, the Education System should initiates programs for principals to help them prevent their job isolation.

Objective:   Remarriage to an ex-spouse is one of the most challenging decisions for any man or woman after divorce. It is associated with both positive and negative challenges and consequences. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the consequences and challenges of remarriage with an ex-spouse from the perspective of women and men in Yazd city. Methods:  The method of this research was qualitative with grounded theory study. The research populations were all men and women who had remarried with their ex-spouse. The research sample was selected using purposive and snowball sampling based on the inclusion and exclusion criterias. Semi- structured interview was counducted on them. hence, ten people (7 women and 3 men) were interviewed before theoretical saturation. The results were analyzed using MAXDQDA software. Results: After collecting and coding the data using the Strauss and Corbin method, which was based on open, axial, and selective coding, 292 concepts, 38 sub-categories, eight main categories, and one core category under the title "Family Reestablishment" were obtained. The main eight categories were Social Degradation, Mental Withdrawal, Urge to Remarry, Comprehensive Mediation, Gradual Restoration, Conscious Return, Psychological Hopelessness, and Return of Peace. Conclusion: Results showed that when the family breaks up, various reasons and grounds make them to return to their former life. But in this way, they try to make a successful return with less challenges through changes in their behavior or in the family foundation.

Purpose: Considering the role of quantum leadership in improving the performance and effectiveness of organizations, the aim of the current research was to design a quantum leadership model in secondary schools based on grounded theory. Methodology: This was an applied qualitative study and its population included experts and principals of the educational system of Iran in 2020. A total of 20 people were selected using snowball sampling. The data collection tool included a semi-structured interview, the validity of which was confirmed by the review of participants and the review of non-participating experts, and its reliability was obtained 0.83 by calculating the inter-coder agreement. The data were analyzed by the coding method based on the grounded theory in MAXQDA software. Findings: The results showed that the quantum leadership model in secondary schools consisted of 45 concepts in 8 components and 6 categories. The category of causal conditions included two components of building quantum trust and agreement and quantum thought. The category of background conditions included one component of quantum development platform. The category of intervention conditions included one component of positive and negative interveners. The core category included a component of quantum school, the category of strategies included two components of quantum leadership and quantum creativity, and the category of outcomes included a component of quantum learning. Finally, the quantum leadership model in secondary schools was designed based on the grounded theory. Conclusion : According to the quantum leadership model in secondary schools and based on the experts and principals of the education system of Iran, it seems necessary to plan to improve the status of schools by improving the identified concepts and components

Purpose: In this study, a minimal theoretical framework was set based on the coexistence of different analytical levels to discover the causes for the success of students and schools in science Olympiads with two separate analysis units. Methodology: This research has been conducted at two micro and intermediate levels through multiple case study and in-depth interview. At the intermediate level, the analysis unit was school and the statistical population included all schools. The intermediate level research sample included two sets: positive cases (5 successful schools from Yazd province) and negative cases (5 unsuccessful schools from Ardabil province), which were selected purposefully. The strategy used at this level was multiple case studies, and the results were analyzed with the comparative qualitative technique. For the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument at this level, real and theoretical repetition was used. At the micro level, the unit of analysis was Olympiad students and 10 interviews were conducted by considering the condition of theoretical saturation. The research tool included in-depth interviews with students, which were analyzed using the grounded theory and the open-centered-selective coding technique. For the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument, the inter-coder agreement and the review of the results by the members were used, and in the comparative study, real and theoretical repetition was used. Findings: This study showed that students’ success in scientific Olympiads is a function of the constructive interaction of the two main institutions (school Olympiad atmosphere and attracting family support) and regional success experience. Other factors such as student cognitive interest, the attractiveness of Olympiad competition, and external incentives are also important. The results of comparative analysis of schools are parallel to the results of the above research and complement it, as the results showed that among the successful schools, almost all the main criteria, including the seminar to introduce parents to attract their support, educational counseling, and classes by former medalists, among other factors, determine the success of schools. Conclusion: According to the findings, it should be said that the success of students and schools in the science Olympiad is affected by several factors at the micro, intermediate, and macro levels, including the quality of the actors to the synergistic atmosphere of school and family.

The main challenging issues for e-commerce operators are building trust in customers to make purchases and gaining a suitable position in the minds of consumers to repeat purchases. Therefore, this research aims to identify the effective factors of word of oral electronic marketing on brand equity. For this purpose, the researcher tried to use the grounded qualitative research method (Glaserian grounded theory) and, with the help of MAXQDA software, to identify and present the dimensions, components, and indicators of oral electronic marketing effective on "brand equity" from the analysis of theoretical bases, upstream documents, and interviews with experts. This research is in the category of applied-developmental research, and in terms of method, strategy, and nature, it is part of exploratory qualitative research, whose philosophy is based on the interpretative-constructive paradigm. It has a single time horizon, collects data from both documentary and field methods, and its tool is recording in the documentary (library) section and interviews in the field section. The statistical population of this research is experts in the fields of human resources management, marketing, and branding; managers and vice-presidents; and employees of e-commerce companies. Based on research findings, oral electronic marketing has two dimensions: technical and technological factors and individual factors, and the dimension of technical and technological factors includes the components of electronic marketing tools and situational features, message features, and the dimension of human factors includes the components of individual factors and interpersonal factors. The special value of the brand also has two dimensions of consumer perception and consumer behavior. The dimension of consumer perception includes the components of brand association, perceived quality, and brand awareness, and the dimension of consumer behavior includes the components of brand loyalty, customer relationships, and brand consistency.

Greenwashing is considered as a deliberate and conscious deception of the consumer in relation to the environmental activities of an organization or the environmental benefits of a product, which has adverse consequences for various groups, including consumers, stakeholders and the environment, therefore, the purpose of this article was to analyze the different angles of greenwashing in the real context of the companies active in the dairy industry, as well as to identify and explain this phenomenon. The philosophy of this research is interpretive, its approach is qualitative, and the strategy used is grounded theory based on the emergent approach. The studied community included managers and activists of the dairy industry and related organizations, 15of whom were selected through purposive sampling until reaching theoretical saturation, and the research data was collected through semi-structured interviews. In order to check the strength of the research, the four criteria of reliability, transferability, reliability and verifiability have been used. The relevant data analysis has been done using MAXQDA software and open, central and selective coding processes, and during continuous comparison, 427codes, 27concepts, 11categories and 2categories have been obtained. which has led to the emergence of the final model of research around the central category under the title of "companies greenwashing actions" model. The mentioned model includes the causes and results related to the central category of the research. In general, this study, by explaining the greenwashing measures theory, has provided the necessary platform for understanding this category of measures as well as their control and prevention.

This article was conducted with the aim of providing a model of acceptance of virtual banking in the banking industry of Iran. The method of conducting the research was based on the pluralism of the ground theory in the data, which according to conducting the research at first using library studies, identifying the constituent elements of participation after in-depth interviews with 20 professional and scientific experts, in order to extract the elements and Thematic analysis method was used to group them. The output of this stage was the identification of 111 indicators in the form of 5 main dimensions and 12 sub-dimensions. Convergent and divergent validity were used to determine the validity, and the results were at the desired level, and the results showed that in order to accept virtual banking in the banking industry of Iran, considering the current situation and the complexities of banking in Iran, a strategic plan regarding virtual banking should be prepared and compiled, which the attention of the authorities And those involved in this field are essential to the capacities of the private sector in banking activities and the expansion of banking facilities. But in order to solve the problems, pay attention to the organizational strategies that include the formulation of a strategic plan for the participation of the private sector and the use of control and evaluation tools to ensure the effectiveness of teamwork and partnership in banking, along with creating a working environment with trust and honesty among customers to improve communication. Personal and interpersonal among the participants can provide a sustainable basis for the adoption of virtual banking.

The world of foreign language education has been immensely influenced by the glory of emergent machine translation (MT) technologies including Google Translate (GT) (Knowles, 2022). Considering that end users' perceptions reflect GT practicality, ample research has been conducted regarding language learners’ perceptions on GT use. Yet, investigating Iranian student teachers' perceptions on the use of GT as an ICALL tool for language learning in higher education has been underestimated. To bridge this gap, semi-structured interviews with twelve student teachers, who were selected through purposive convenience sampling, were conducted employing qualitative constructivist grounded theory methodology. Data were analyzed based on the grounded theory data coding principles (open, axial, and selective) using the MAXQDA 2020 software. A model of GT use in language learning, entitled ‘Google Translate-Assisted Language Learning (GTALL) was proposed. The three main categories (i.e. GT familiarity and use, Perceptions, and legitimacy) along with 35 sub-categories at two levels supported our core category ‘implementation of GT in language learning’. The results demonstrated considerable pedagogical implications for educational stakeholders. For administrators, to appreciate contemporary pedagogical transformations to fulfill new generation’s needs. For professors, to improve digital literacy, welcome emergent technologies, and bring them into their learners’ service for greater educational achievements, and for language learners, to develop technological skills that guarantee wise and efficient human-machine interactions.

The present study brings forward a model of workplace health with an approach to staff’s physical activity improvement. this study was an applied and descriptive research that has been conducted with a mixed approach for data collection (qualitative and quantitative). The methodology is performed qualitatively on the basis of grounded theory of Glaser approach. The research participants in qualitative included 18 subjects selected through judgmental sampling method with snowball approach. In addition, the sample in quantitative section, 384 subjects were studied through convinience sampling based on  Krejcie and Morgan table. The analysis in the quantitative section is second-order confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results, components of workplace health comprising the physical environment with sub-components of preparing infrastructure along with strenuous company; the psycho-social environment with sub-components of education, culturalization, encouragement along with support; the health resources with the sub-components of evaluation, supervision and alignment of plans; and participation of the company which comprises management and planning.

This study aims to design a local model of social responsibility in digital marketing in small online retail businesses in Iran. The present research is  applied  in terms of purpose and a qualitative research  in terms of data collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative section included 11 experts. The main tools for data collection in the field included semi-structured interviews. The grounded theory approach using MAXQDA software was adopted to analyze qualitative data and present a paradigm model. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, six categories of factors were identified  including causal conditions, underlying factors, strategies, pivotal phenomena, intervening factors and consequences . Targeted marketing was identified as the main category in relation to the context. In relation to causal conditions, two main categories were identified, including moral responsibility and environmental responsibility. In relation to digital marketing as a central phenomenon of research, the indicators of giving customers the right to choose, retaining customers, providing services in accordance with customer demands, establishing appropriate relationships and relationships with customers, and creating value for customers were identified. Commercialization strategies were identified as the main category of strategies and actions. Competitiveness of companies has been identified as the most important intervening factors; and economic development and service quality improvement were identified as the main categories of outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Lack of a comprehensive classification of crisis and emergency management in Helal houses has caused many losses in the Red Crescent Society of Iran. Therefore, the root of these problems can be identified and investigated with a thorough investigation. METHODS: This applied research was conducted using a hybrid design. In this research, field and library methods were used. The data were collected by using questionnaire and conducting in-depth interviews with managers, specialists, and experts of the country's crisis management organization and professionals until theoretical saturation. In the first stage, 24 interviews were conducted and we reached theoretical saturation in the 20th interview. In the second stage, relying on inferential statistics methods, 422 questionnaires were distributed. The statistical population of the research is the Red Crescent Society of Iran and its time domain is the second half of 2022. FINDINGS: After performing the three stages of open, central, and selective coding, the final research model was obtained in which, 6 general categories, 15 subcategories, and 49 main concepts are mentioned. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the categories of human resources, organizational communication, and government policies are among the effective factors on crisis management in Helal houses in the Iranian Red Crescent Society in the critical condition of Covid-19 and the consequences of these categories have a significant impact. There are other problems and crises in the formation.

Although the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide periodic lockdowns, and travel restrictions have heavily damaged tourism destinations, however some theorists believe that the channels and intensity of adverse effects of COVID-19 are not even in different tourism destinations and it may depend on the tourism form that the destination is endowed with. The purpose of this research is to fulfill a comparative survey between two different tourism destinations that enjoy two different tourism forms, including pleasure tourism (Ganjnameh region) and commercial based tourism (Lalejin region) in Iran and try to explore the different complex aspects of COVID-19 effects on tourism industry and compare sustainability of both tourism forms. In order that, we apply Grounded Theory (GT) model and relay on qualitative data gathered by face-to-face interviews with 40 participants who are engaged in tourism related businesses in sample destinations. In according to the results, this study critically derives 4 different aspects of complexity of the situation arisen from corona virus pandemic on tourism sector in Ganjnameh and Lalejin including: resilience strategies and sustainability, change in tourist behavior, change in the tourism industry, and aggravating factors. In addition, the results showed that changes to tourism as a result of COVID-19 is complex and uneven in two different tourist destinations. Moreover, we realized that the economic statues of Ganjnameh region which is widely depend on pleasure tourism is more vulnerable to unexpected tourism crises compared to the Lalegin region, where the economics of a big bulk of habitants depends on commercial tourisms and handicrafts. Therefore, the commercial based touristic destinations looks more resilient and sustainable in comparison to pleasure tourism formed destinations. This study released valuable information about current statues and future concerns about tourism industry and offers suitable policy implications to cope with COVID-19 effects during and after Corona crisis.

Investor expectations future economic processes are among the crucial factors affecting their decisions. The expectations seem to play a specific role since they are unsupervised variables capable of forming observable economic phenomena. Psychological factors influence investor expectations and corporate market value. Investor sentiments was modelled with an emphasis on psychological factors based on the Grounded Theory (GT). This applied and mixed-methods at its first and second stages. The statistical population comprised 13 experts, senior managers of investment companies, and university professors. The participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling and the process was continued until theoretical saturation. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews coded via Atlas.ta.8 software. The research data were analysed using an open coding method. The results of the research were presented in 46 categories and 6 key dimensions.

This research, in line with the strategy of the World Customs Organization, order to provide a structural model for improving the ethics and administrative health of employees based on the use of information technology in customs affairs with a combined approach of fundamental theory and interpretive structural modeling to understand how information technology affects ethics and Administrative health and investigating the power of influence and the degree of dependence of the variables of ethics and administrative health of employees in the form of drawing a comprehensive structuring model. In the implementation of this research, a mixed method was used in the qualitative part of the foundation's data theory according to the research needs and structured interviews were used to collect data. To collect data in a qualitative method, with the help of Maxqda software, research findings through the opinions of 13 experts in three stages of open-centered and selective coding in the form of 6 categories affecting the ethics and administrative health of employees in the form of the Strauss paradigm model and Corbin and it was expressed theoretically. After building the theory, in the quantitative stage, interpretive structural modeling has been used in order to understand the relationship between the variables and the leveling of the promotion of ethics and administrative health of Iran Customs. The results of the research show that the variable "use of smart technologies" is the first level variable in the promotion of ethics and health, and the variables "Analysis of the situation of manpower and customs processes, ethical characteristics of employees and laws and management of information technology and human resources" » is the second level variable. And the variables of "conditions and structure of the organization and the requirements and infrastructure of information technology" are the variables of the third level.

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the establishment of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge. To pursue this aim, Glaser's grounded theory was used as the qualitative research method. 16 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with academic and industry experts in the field of sports using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and the preliminary list of factors was identified through initial library studies. The 105 values affecting the development of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge were extracted through the open coding process. The final pattern was created using the results of axial coding, which revealed the identification of 12 subcategories, falling into two main categories: intra-organization (human resources, management, marketing, legal, and financial factors) and extra-organization (educational/creativity and innovation factors, economic, cultural-social, infrastructure, legal, policy-making, and support/protection). According to the findings of the study, the professional and comprehensive view of managers and scientific and executive officials on these mentioned factors can change the ecosystem of sports entrepreneurship in Iran, providing the necessary context and infrastructure, as well as the sports community's interest in entrepreneurship and the formation of knowledge-based companies. This is, of course, accompanied by long-term job opportunities for activists in this sector as well as the development of new and inventive ideas, goods, and services.

The s tudy methodology is a mixed research method that is contextual and semantic in terms of the data's nature; in terms of the logic of thinking, the s tudy method is deductive, and in terms of the analysis levels, it is analytical-interpretive. The selected s trategy of this research is grounded theory, with the preliminary analyses (qualitative research method) being conducted based on S trauss and Corbin's sys tematic coding using MaxQDA software. Then, in the second s tage, the importance coefficients of the topics extracted from semi-s tructured interviews were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) using Expert Choice Software. The research findings indicate that mos t of the respondents find "recognition and creation of emotional bond through the use of the pas t generations'' memories" and "the neighborhood's his torical form and shape" as two selectable solutions and, of course, in the authors'' minds, considering the population growth and increase in the demands for new houses in the intended texture and, consequently, increase in the number of cons tructions and the change in the city's countenance, these solutions seem to be somewhat illogical. "The necessity for amending the urban and regional criteria and regulations," and also, "enhancing the awareness of the designers and the area's addressees," and, subsequently, "reducing the influence of the designers'' tas tes" are the other factors that seem to be more widely applicable for they can prevent the emergence of visual abnormalities on the façades to a large extent.