مطالب

اصل لزوم در عقود، یکی از مباحث بنیادین در فقه معاملات است که به استحکام و پایداری قراردادها می انجامد. در این میان، عقود تعلیقی همچون نذر، جعاله و مسابقه، به دلیل وابستگی تحقق یا اثرگذاری شان به وقوع یک شرط خارجی، همواره مورد بحث و اختلاف نظر بوده اند. برخی فقها به سبب این تعلیق، قائل به جواز فسخ چنین عقودی شده اند، در حالی که گروهی دیگر، با استناد به اصل استصحاب، تداوم لزوم را پذیرفته اند. مسئله اصلی آن است که آیا تعلیق در اثر عقد، ماهیت الزام آور آن را متزلزل می سازد یا آنکه اصل لزوم همچنان بر این عقود حکومت دارد؟ این پژوهش با رویکردی تحلیلی-انتقادی، ضمن واکاوی مبانی فقهی و اصولی، به ارزیابی دیدگاه های موافق و مخالف پرداخته و تلاش دارد با تبیین جایگاه استصحاب، لزوم عقود تعلیقی را اثبات کند. همچنین، تطبیق این اصول بر مصادیق معاصر همچون قراردادهای پیش فروش و معاملات مشروط، بُعد عملی این تحقیق را برجسته می سازد. به نظر می رسد که تعلیق در این عقود، صرفاً ناظر بر تأثیر آن ها بوده و تأثیری بر ماهیت الزام آورشان ندارد؛ ازاین رو، اصل لزوم همچنان پابرجاست و نمی توان این عقود را صرفاً به دلیل وابستگی به شرط، قابل فسخ دانست. بررسی های اصولی و فقهی نشان می دهد که ایرادات وارده بر جریان استصحاب در عقود تعلیقی قابل رفع بوده و پذیرش لزوم در این عقود، فواید متعددی به همراه دارد. نخست، این پذیرش موجب تحکیم اعتماد و امنیت در معاملات می شود. دوم، از تزلزل حقوق طرفین و اختلافات احتمالی جلوگیری کرده و موجب انسجام نظام حقوقی خواهد شد. سوم، در قراردادهای معاصر، پذیرش اصل لزوم از بروز آشفتگی در مناسبات اقتصادی جلوگیری کرده و زمینه ساز تعاملات پایدار و منسجم می شود. در مجموع، پذیرش لزوم در عقود تعلیقی، نه تنها پشتوانه ای محکم در فقه دارد، بلکه در عمل نیز از بی ثباتی حقوقی و اقتصادی پیشگیری می کند.

Objective: Family dynamics play a significant role in establishing emotional relationships among its members and fostering psychological well-being, which extends to individual and collective members' peace of mind. This study aimed to investigate the impact of parenting styles and sexual education styles of parents, with anxiety as a mediating variable, on the sexual performance of married women. Method: The study population consisted of married women who presented with sexual dysfunction at psychiatric and women's clinics in Tehran. Since the minimum number of samples in structural equation modeling is 200 individuals, 200 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. The research instruments included Baumrind's Parenting Styles Scale (1972), Parental Sexual Education Styles Scale (2010), Beck Anxiety Scale (1990), and Rosen et al.'s Sexual Performance Scale (2000). Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. Results: The findings of the present study showed that anxiety does not have a mediating effect on the effect of parents' strict sexual education style on the sexual performance of married women, but it has a complete mediating effect on the sexual performance of married women in the authoritative sexual education style of parents. Also, anxiety has a partial mediating effect on the impact of parents' authoritarian parenting style on married women's sexual performance, and it does not have a mediating effect on the parents' authoritarian parenting style on married women's sexual performance (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that the sexual performance of married women is significantly influenced by the styles of parenting and sexual education they received, with anxiety playing varied mediating roles. An authoritative approach to sexual education, coupled with parenting styles that manage to reduce anxiety, tends to enhance sexual performance in women.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Lakes are among the most important natural habitats, life-giving systems, and productive environments in the world. They have always been exposed to threats, destruction, and dangers throughout human history. As one of the most important international lakes, this lake has faced serious threats due to factors such as water level reduction, pollution, climate change, and human pressures. Methods: The present study, using the descriptive-analytical method, deals with the approach of international environmental law regarding the responsibility or non-responsibility of the Iranian government for the drying up of Lake Urmia. Findings:  Lake Urmia, one of the largest salt lakes in the world, is rapidly losing water and drying up. This environmental hazard has raised concerns about its consequences and impact on surrounding communities. Maintaining and improving the condition of Lake Urmia requires the cooperation of all related people and institutions. This includes governments, organizations, researchers, civil society, and the international community. Everyone should pay attention to this issue and take appropriate measures to maintain and improve the condition of Lake Urmia. All individuals and institutions need to understand that the drying up of Lake Urmia is a global issue and requires the cooperation of all relevant parties to combat it. Conclusion: By adopting appropriate measures and effective interaction, it is possible to realize a significant improvement in the condition of Lake Urmia. Based on the provisions of international conventions and environmental principles and the perspective of international organizations, governments have international responsibility in various environmental fields, including the protection and restoration of lakes. Governments are responsible for preserving natural resources such as water, soil, forests, and biological resources. Carrying out numerous development projects in the area of ​​Lake Urmia, such as the construction of the Shahid Kalantari highway and numerous reservoir dams on the rivers that supply water to the lake, disturbs the ecological and hydrodynamic balance of Lake Urmia and is considered contrary to the commitment to promote reasonable use in the framework of the Ramsar Convention. The inefficiency of environmental impact assessment systems, starting projects before presenting the results of environmental assessment, not publishing and notifying the results to the public, not using the best available technology, etc. has finally endangered the life of this valuable wetland more and more. Therefore, the government of Iran is responsible for the drying up of Lake Urmia and its environmental damage according to international conventions and is required to comply with environmental principles to preserve and improve the conditions of Lake Urmia. The government of Iran should formulate and implement appropriate policies and laws to prevent illegal exploitation, pollution, and sabotage of these resources.