مطالب

Today's organizations are not superior in terms of technology and product differentiation due to rapid changes and intense competition. Meanwhile, the main factor of their success is their human resources. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of brand orientation on customer orientation and employee behavior. The statistical population of this research is all employees of sportswear stores in Mazandaran province. According to Morgan's table, the sample size was equal to 67 people. The sampling method of the present study was a simple random sampling. Then, data has been collected using a questionnaire tool. Using convergent validity, the validity of the research was confirmed. Its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data distribution. The path analysis method was used to test the hypotheses. Data analysis has been done using Excel software and SPSS and PLS software. The results of this research showed that brand orientation has a significant effect on employees' customer orientation and brand-oriented behavior of employees. Employee customer orientation has a significant effect on employee customer orientation behavior. Finally, the customer-oriented behavior of employees has a significant effect on the brand-oriented behavior of employees. It is suggested to the managers and officials of the country that by raising the needs and problems of the customers from the employees in their organization and answering the customers' questions correctly and trying to influence the customers by providing them with the desired information in order to help the customers to achieve their goals. have the necessary

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of positive organizational behavior with an emphasis on environmental consequences and also to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of positive organizational behavior with individual, organizational, and environmental consequences. This is an applied research with an integrated method (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the study included water and sewage industry experts and faculty members (20 people) who were sampled by snowball technique. For the quantitative part, 120 water and sewage workers in the country (2019-2020) were selected through the relative selection technique. Data collection tools include semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. Qualitative data were analyzed by open, axial, and selective coding methods, and MAXQDA11, Smart PLS2, and SPSS23 were used to analyze the content of data and validation. In the quantitative part, content validity is used. The reliability and evaluation of measures were estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient method (89%). Findings from the present study showed that positive organizational behavior can be analyzed in five levels (individual, group, organizational, social, and environmental) and in the form of six categories (causal factors, characteristics, strategies, platforms, interventionists, consequences). Also, positive organizational behavior has a positive and significant relationship with environmental (0.711), behavioral (0.631), organizational outcomes (0.685). Therefore, it is necessary to model successful and leading organizations in the field of positive organizational behavior, training and holding workshops in the field of environment, creating a positive organizational atmosphere in order to achieve sustainable development of the environment.

The purpose of this article is identification of factors which have significant effects on the perceived value of educational services by students’ parents in Iran educational system. Furthermore, we explore the role these factor play on the evaluation of educational services by parents. The statistical population of this study includes the parents of students of all secondary private schools in Tehran at the year 2021 and 800 parents were selected using random sampling. The research tool is a questionnaire with 62 statements which were identified using interviews by experts. We collected 300 questionnaires after calculating validity and reliability. We used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in order to extract factors with highest degree of determining power. Using four identified principal components, we run a linear regression for testing the significance of these factors. Our results show that all of four factors i.e. functional, social, emotional and epistemic value have significant impact on the perceived values by parents in Iran educational system.

This study takes a rural development perspective to examine the various reasons behind the use of children under 18 years in cocoa farms in Ghana. Using descriptive research, a sample size of 385 cocoa farmers was selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. The analyses included mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and perception index. Although the level of usage of children on cocoa farms was relatively low (74%), majority of the children were involved in nursing of cocoa seedlings (87.8%), digging of holes for seedlings (76.3%), gathering of pods (55.7%) and heaping of pods (53.9%). Farmers involved children on cocoa farms for the following three reasons; to acquire indigenous knowledge of farming patterns (Mean=2.18), it is a way of life to learn their parents' occupation (Mean=2.18), and income source of the household (Mean=2.11). The challenge most farmers face in the use of children for farm activities is the fact that the children do not meet the required strength/energy (Mean=2.48). Policy efforts towards the complete eradication of using children under 18 years on cocoa farms must take into consideration the rural nature of the environments in which cocoa farming takes place in order not for it to backfire as is the case currently.