مطالب

This paper investigates the conceptual and cognitive motivations behind anger-related Hindi idioms. The study is based on 40 idiomatic expressions on anger curated from diverse sources, including websites, books, and native speakers’ intuition. The study employs the theoretical framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) for the analysis of these linguistic expressions. For the identification of conceptual metaphors, Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed After analysis, nine conceptual metaphors and an equal number of conceptual metonymies were found in the chosen idiomatic expressions. Conceptual metaphors such as “ANGER IS FLUID,” “ANGER IS A WILD ANIMAL,” and “ANGER IS A STORM,” as well as conceptual metonymies like “REDDENING OF THE FACE” and “GNASHING OF TEETH,” were identified, among others. The findings reveal that there is a coherent conceptual organization underlying these idioms, predominantly characterized by conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The study can give us insight into the cultural conceptualisation of anger expressions in Hindi which can contribute the broader landscape of emotion research from Cognitive linguistic point of view and also in teaching-learning of Hindi idioms.

Teacher autonomy (TA), including its conceptualization and multidimensionality, has received increasing attention in the past two decades. Notwithstanding many attempts to measure TA, teachers’ capacity for self-directed professional action (CSDPA) has remained under-researched. To address this gap, this article delved into the status of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ CSDPA by developing and validating a questionnaire based on TA literature and semi-structured interviews with teachers. Employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the factor structures of 300 Iranian EFL   teachers’ responses were examined in terms of their CSDPA. The analysis results yielded five factors regarding teachers’ CSDPA, including their capacities for self-directed instructional and curricular activities, self-directed institutional actions, self-directed teacher learning activities, self-directed assessment and collegial negotiation activities, and self-directed relational and ethical actions. The research outcomes suggest implications for language teachers, institute principals, and teacher educators to attend to teachers’ autonomy as a key feature of their professional action.

Although researchers have analyzed the formal, syntactic, and functional behavior of cleft sentences in the English language across various genres, their distributional frequencies have received very little attention in academic research genres. Therefore, drawing on a 20,389,297-word corpus including 1,521 research articles (RAs), 116 PhD dissertations, and 48 textbooks, in applied linguistics, this study followed Biber et al.’s (1999) and Collins’ (2002) models to identify and analyze four major types of cleft structures in our corpus. Using a corpus-based research design, we drew on concordances to extract the target cleft structures. The computer program AntConc was used to identify instances of cleft sentences, and the statistical significance of the findings was evaluated through separate chi-square tests. The results of frequency analysis showed varying degrees of these grammatical structures across the three research genres, with textbooks including the highest number of clefts, followed by dissertations, and RAs. The results promise pedagogical implications for non-native English student writers to familiarize themselves with conventions in academic research genre writing for publication purposes. The findings suggest that academic research genre writing affects the frequency and use of these complex grammatical structures.  

Purpose: Immigration always faces challenges and one of the can be investigated challenges in this field is violence towards immigrants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analysis the lived experience of teachers' violence towards Afghan students in primary schools. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of qualitative. The research population was of Afghan elementary school students who had experienced of violence from teachers and principals of elementary schools, which 20 students and 10 principals were selected as samples through purposive sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured and in-depth interview based on researcher-made questions, and the validity of the interviews was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was obtained by the agreement coefficient method between two coders at 0.79. The data of the present study were analyzed by the coding method in MAXQDA-Pro software. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that the types of teachers' violence have 17 concepts in 3 components of verbal violence (6 concepts), behavioral violence (6 concepts) and physical violence (5 concepts), the effects of teachers' violence have 22 concepts in 4 components of mental (9 concept), academic (4 concepts), physical (3 concepts) and social (6 concepts) and control strategies of teachers' violence have 19 concepts in 5 components of educational (5 concepts), employment (3 concepts), planning (5 concepts), disciplinary (3 concepts) and cultural (3 concepts). Also, the pattern of types of teachers' violence, effects of teachers' violence and control strategies of teachers' violence were designed. Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to the education managers to use the control strategies of teachers' violence in order to reduce the types of teachers' violence and its effects.

Purpose: The present study aimed to design a curriculum model for citizenship rights for students in the second period of elementary education. It sought to examine the components of the citizenship rights curriculum, introduce the main components and categories forming this field, and ultimately provide an ideal model in line with needs assessment and educational context. Methodology: The methodology of this study was qualitative, utilizing a grounded theory approach. The collection and formulation of model categories involved 21 structured interviews with experts and teachers in the field of citizenship and civil rights education, followed by the validation of the proposed model using a member checking method. Findings: The findings of this research presented a model comprising 11 main categories including causal conditions, performance-based planning, contextual conditions, contextually oriented performance-based planning (political, economic, cultural, legal, and citizenship orientations), interveners (characteristics of teachers and learners), strategies (initial, educational, and feedback), and outcomes (enhancing student performance levels and creating a sustainable curriculum). Conclusion: Specialized multi-faceted planning was identified as the core category of the model. Finally, recommendations were provided.

Recent research has highlighted the fact that explicit focus on language forms including explicit grammar instruction is likely to direct learners’ attention to pertinent grammatical structures and can result in their grammar structure noticing and acquisition. This study examined contextualized the explicit grammar teaching method in school. In this research 160 learners and eight teachers took part. The study was carried out in two different contexts (online and in-person). There were four experimental groups (n=80), and four control groups (n=80). The contextualized explicit grammar teaching method was employed as the treatment for the experimental groups. Contextualized grammar practices were provided using different images, videos, and copies. Explicit grammar exercises were also available at the conclusion of every instructional session. The control groups did not receive the treatment but received implicit grammar instruction instead. A quasi-experimental and a qualitative method were employed. A pre-test, three post-tests, and an unstructured interview were conducted. The data analysis was carried out using SPSS 24 software. The increased performance of the experimental groups on the post-test revealed the effectiveness of the treatment. The unstructured interview uncovered the observed differences between the teachers in teaching contextualized explicit grammar in online versus in-person classes. It was argued that the improvement in learners’ grammar learning in the experimental groups stemmed from the utility of explicit contextualized grammar instruction for empowering them to notice the functions of the examined structures and to relate them to their background knowledge.  The findings of this study can aid teachers in choosing a suitable instructional approach that can assist learners’ accuracy in writing.

Persian lexicography in Anatolia or Asia Minor is a part of prominent linguistic activities that began in the sixth and seventh lunar centuries. According to historical documents, during the Ottoman period, the Persian language was profoundly noticed by Turkish people. It was considered one of the three languages (alsane-ye salase) ​​of the world of science (Turkish-Persian-Arabic) in that territory. The evidence of this claim is the large number of literary and educational works written in Persian in that territory. Among these works, dictionaries form a large group of works aimed at teaching the Persian language. Therefore, studying these dictionaries can help linguists find out language learning facts and know the status of the Persian language among the people of this land. In this article, the dictionaries containing the Persian words, either as the source or as the target language were looked for and reviewed. Most of the approximately 150 dictionaries gathered were in the form of manuscripts kept in Turkish and Iranian libraries. Out of this number, about 89% of the works were original contexts, and the rest were documents of previous studies. The results of this research have been presented statistically both in terms of the content regarding the language, form (prose or verse), purpose, and the subject and historical development. According to the findings, most dictionaries belong to the period of pre-Tanzimat, and the number of prose Persian-Turkish dictionaries was the maximum compared to other forms of dictionaries. Also, the maximum number of verse-formed dictionaries, mostly known as Tuhfe, was written during this period.