مطالب

This article explores the design principles for building houses with 3D printers. This study provides an overview of the architectural principles needed to design houses using this technology. The absence of these foundations can cause unsuitable designed forms for this technology. The analysis in this research includes a wide range of relevant articles, and we have found many approaches to the architectural design of 3D-printed houses. This review addresses many aspects of materials, printer types, construction sites, structures, and architecture. The results of this research will help architects understand the dos and don'ts of designing these kinds of housing and raise awareness in the design phase. Moreover, it will prevent errors during construction. In conclusion, constructing houses with 3D printers is the best for small one-story houses. Houses with hand-reinforced concrete and glass fibers in curved forms have a free plan designed by digital design. The point that must be added is that by combining structural systems with traditional roofs, we can add to the number of floors, allowing us to use more of this technology.

Background and Theoretical Foundations:  Moscow believes that the West's approach to Ukraine is carried out with two methods of expanding the European Union, known as the Eastern Partnership Program and encouraging Ukraine to join NATO. Therefore, the Russians believe that if Kyiv joins the European Union, other countries of the former Soviet Union will gradually leave the Kremlin's sphere of influence. Ukraine joining the European Union will not only border Russia with NATO, but will also reduce Russia's influence. In this regard, Moscow wants a pro-Russian government in Ukraine and therefore will not tolerate a pro-Western country that is a member of NATO. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical, which was collected and conducted through the study of library documents. Result: The research hypothesis can be proposed in this way that the interaction between Iran and Russia, taking into account measures such as the permanent and official presence of Iran in the ports of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, greater convergence between Tehran and Moscow in solving the legal consensus of the Caspian Sea, the maximum benefit of the route of the Caspian Sea in the transit of goods in the North-South corridor can be realized. With the experiences they had learned from the past, this time the Russians came to the field with a more aggressive model against the actions of the West and NATO, and with military intervention and a show of power, they are trying to change the geopolitical game in their favor. Western reaction against this action caused increased pressure and intensified sanctions against Russia. Russia seeks to play an effective role in global equations and to improve its position in the international system and economic growth while expanding its sphere of influence. In this regard, it needs organizational and political cohesion for its benefit and in line with its defended values at the regional and global level. Nevertheless, the war between Russia and Ukraine can highlight Iran's status as a regional power. Conclusion: In the interaction of the balance of power in the relations between the great powers following the Russian military attack on Ukraine, creating a buffer zone between Russia and NATO can contain opportunities and threats for the countries of the region, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran and its foreign policy. Therefore, Iran, as an intermediate power in the world, should pursue a policy based on a positive balance, seeking to make the most of the current gap created in the relations between Russia and the West, for its interests and national security. On the other hand, because the Russians are self-interested and have a realistic and pragmatic policy, they consider an independent and powerful Iran a geopolitical supplement to developing their influence and future. The cooperation between Tehran and Moscow in the last two decades has been going on in various dimensions, despite some inadequacies, and has continued, especially much more so in the fields of security and defense. The secret of Russia's renewed emphasis on naval power is that this country is seeking to gain its share of power in the international system. In the meantime, countries like Iran, which have an important position in the relations between Russia and the West, are affected by international competition, whether they like it or not. In the meantime, Iran can catch the opportune chances that are present in naval strategy and operationalize its natural potential. Operationalization of the opportunities can be realized for Tehran by formulating maritime strategy solutions and bilateral interaction with Moscow. Therefore, it is clear that the Islamic Republic of Iran with interaction and agreement with Russia and the permanent and official presence of the Iranian naval fleet in the sea ports Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea ports, and also by more convergence with Russia in solving the legal consensus of the Caspian Sea, can increase the development of its maritime transit cooperation. The sale of Russian oil and gas through the Caspian Sea, the maximum benefit of the Caspian Sea route in the transit of goods in the North-South Corridor, can also be another achievement of Iran in using the opportunity of the confrontation between Russia and Ukraine in this region

Although the United States of America was able, after the end of the Second World War until the first decade of the third millennium, to obtain all the necessary conditions for taking he-gemony and the leadership of the free world, with the post-Cold War transformations, grounds were provided for the hegemony of America to undergo decline. The emergence of powers such as China, Russia, and the European Union, alongside certain regional crises such as the 2022 Ukraine crisis, are counted among those developments that provided the grounds for the further decline of American hegemony. This research, with documentary study and qualitative method of data and with theoretical content and explanatory (causal) method as well as de-scriptive–analytical method, and based on the theoretical framework of “long cycles,” while investigating the roots of the 2022 Ukraine crisis, is responsible for answering this question: What effect has the 2022 Ukraine crisis had on the decline of American hegemony? The anal-ysis of data and the results obtained have shown that: the 2022 Ukraine crisis caused the he-gemony of America to be challenged in creating balance in the domains under the influence of Russia, and consequently, America’s inability in solving the 2022 Ukraine crisis.

Apparently only during the recent years the governments have discerned urban diplomacy capacity exploitation planned for substantial administration and management in various areas and scopes of cultural, crafts, scientific, sports, economic, industrial, tourism or peace and security. Thereupon, the impact of urban diplomacy basic strategies upon completion of global city indicators can further be studied in compliance with scholars such as Hubbard al (2007), Pluijim (2007), Brown (2002) intellectual consensus. In this survey, urban diplomacy has additionally been examined based on six main principles: - a) urban security, b) urban development, c) urban economy, d) urban net-works, e) urban representative, and f) urban culture. In procedure, urban diplomacy can methodical-ly be reviewed within the two contexts of urban international cooperation: - i) sister cities relations and multilateral cooperation and, ii) membership and activities of international institutions and or-ganizations in urban management. Yet still, the most significant index of cities entry to global cities Jirga desideratum urban security to assure psychological security, life safety and financial security and furthermore, consider tourists and investors credence, hitherto, adjoin global city contributing to cities network such that in spite of time expedient could withstand action and reaction of events and be effective. Evidently, constitution of delegation of authorities representing international and regional institutions and organizations in cities and recognition of necessary capacity can provide for global city ‘Globalization’ process. In addition to what mentioned, assets of urban culture cor-responding to history and people of the respective city in the supply chain opinion, to define global city indicators is also highly significant since human relations between citizens for a city of tourists and other representatives to meet the criteria of global cities “culture” is additionally a distinction. From this perspective, circulation of urban economy, welfare seekers, fundraising, small and large businesses, economy of construction and industry, economy of art, etc. entirely facilitate urban de-velopment strategies to incept a developed city with bright horizon for advance towards global path.