مطالب

The two decades the urban growth has been caused in changing land cover in the urban areas, especially in agricultural lands locating in borders of cities. It is necessary for suitable urban planning to achieve suitable urban growth plans, the past evolution of the physical and spatial development of cities in order to predict the appropriate zones for future development in proportion to the ecological conditions of the region. The purpose of this research is to identify, describe and predict land use change for the year 2030 by using Land Cover Change Modeling (LCM). For this purpose, Landsat satellite images Landsat 1995 and 2016 have been used to illustrate user changes and classifying the land cover which uses logistic regression model to study the factors affecting land cover variations and then modeling the transmission potential of the artificial neural network multilayer perceptron model (MLP) with five variables. Finally, the allocation of users to each other with the Markov chain has been assess. The results in study indicate that the most changes are related to the lands built with 5600 hectares (more than the conversion of agricultural land into built). The land cover predict map also showed that the most development will be in the north, northeast, and northwest in 2030.

English proficiency as the content knowledge for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers determines their instructional quality. However, previous studies have not focused on the significance of this knowledge in support of Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) on technology adoption in teaching. Therefore, this study aims at finding out the correlation between TPACK and technology applications, and how technology applications link to teachers’ English proficiency levels. The study adopted a quantitative method, and the data were collected using two questionnaires in Likert scale, one for TPACK and another for technology application. Teachers’ English proficiency levels are determined using the content knowledge dimension of TPACK. The questionnaires were completed online by 74 English pre-service teacher graduates who had participated in a national teacher certification program involving real teaching practice. The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient to determine the correlation between TPACK dimensions and technology adoption and ordinal logistic regression analysis to find out the effect of teachers’ English proficiency levels on technology applications. The results show that most TPACK dimensions correlate to technology applications with the level of correlations between 0.26 (weak) and 0.47 (moderate). English proficiency has been found to affect technology applications only among teachers who regularly used technology in teaching. Teachers with high English proficiency used technology in teaching 3.06 times more frequently than those whose English proficiency was low. Therefore, it is recommended that English proficiency development be inscluded in teacher professional development to ensure that teachers use technology in teaching 

Classroom management is a key component of teachers' professional competent for promoting learning. This study investigated teachers' classroom management strategies in responding to Iranian EFL learners' misbehaviours in terms of teachers' biological factors including age and gender. The participants of the study were 75 (41 females and 34 males) teachers at universities and in language institutes of Fars Province, Iran. The study enjoyed a descriptive design using two sets of instruments encompassing a Five Likert-scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview for collecting the data. The questionnaire determined teachers' classroom management strategies and the interview collected their opinions regarding classroom management. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and an independent sample t-test were run. The findings indicated that teachers' age and gender had significant effects on the types of strategies that they used when they faced misbehaviour. The findings also revealed that male teachers significantly used the strategies such as verbal warning, and female teachers removing the student from the class. The age groups were different in terms of using two strategies namely reward student with free time or activities and lower students' grade. The findings could have implication for curriculum designers, EFL teachers, and policymakers because it could enhance their skills in better management of learners' misbehaviours.

In many practical problems, we face situations where the data ratio is important for the decision-maker (DM). Data envelopment analysis ratio-based (DEA-R) and ratio analysis models are presented to deal with the above issue in data envelopment analysis (DEA). If the data is uncertain, it is no longer possible to use the basic DEA-R and ratio analysis models to evaluate the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). In this paper, we will first discuss robust optimization modelling based on DEA-R models. In this regard, we consider a case where the inputs have an uncertain numerical value and the outputs have certain values. In the following, we present the ratio analysis model based on the set of common weights of all the ratios of input to output components and obtain this model for robust optimization. To show the validity of the proposed approach, we use it to evaluate the efficiency of 38 excellent banks that compete in the global market and compare the results of the proposed approach in this paper with the results of previous approaches.