درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

  In May of 2018, the strategy of law-making was utilized in the Kingdom of Denmark to respond to or, more to the point, respond against full-face garments along the lines of a democratic and secular society in which values like transparency inform and guide interaction, dialogue, and communication. The new legal norm and measure, law L 219, does not refer expressly to the veil, nor to women, or to Islam. Nevertheless, the national Parliament in the Kingdom of Denmark proceeded on the basis of premises that reveal, upon scrutiny, why the particular provision that prohibits full-face veils is widely known and referred to as the “burqa ban”.Like the niqab, the burqa is a full-face veil. Numerically speaking, between 50 and 200 Muslim women wear such a veil, a fact that enters them into a minority within a minority statistics of 0.1 or 0.2 percent. However, to trivialize the burqa ban would be an error. This point applies to all sides, including the stakeholders who assumed the responsibility of drafting the new norm and measure. As the Danish legislators see things, law 219 is not an instance of “shooting sparrows with a cannon”. After this, the need to legislate appears to be an instance of following a trend in Europe and, at the same time, sending a message about the prevailing (Danish) ideology in contradistinction to “political Islam” that gives rise to unwanted phenomena like gender inequality, religious extremism, and terrorism. The authors of The 2018 Danish “Burqa Ban”: Joining a European Trend and Sending a National Messageattempt to give an in-depth account of the burqa ban and the political context for this, as provided by the negotiations that led up to the ban’s final adoption. One objective is to identify the various variables in the legal equation and, as another objective, capture the wider prescriptively-proscriptive direction of the Danish case, thereby also establishing a platform for further discussion, reflection, and response. (This part of the project – an intended component and outcome since the formulation of the original research task, labor division, and methodology – is published in the concurrent but separate article, The Burqa Ban: Legal Precursors for Denmark, American Experiences and Experiments, and Philosophical and Critical Examinations.)

A Takfiri is a Muslim who accuses another Muslim or an adherent of another Abrahamic faith of apostasy. The accusation itself is called Takfir, derived from the word kafir (unbeliever). The emergence of ISIS in the Middle East region and the territories in the vicinity of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as the support of some of the regional and extra-regional countries of this current, have led to profound changes in the local equations. The purpose of the present article is to examine one of the Middle East's fundamental problems in recent years is the emergence of Takfiri Terrorist groups particularly in Iraq. It is necessary to evaluate the theoretical emergence of the phenomenon of ISIS in this country. In terms of cultural and ethnic diversities, Iraq has always been involved with terrorist movements. A typical example of this phenomenon is the emergence and empowerment of ISIS. The control of ISIS over large Iraq and Syria areas has surprised many scholars in political and security circles. The main question is; ‘what platforms and components have been influential in the empowerment of ISIS in Iraq?’ Therefore, the main question to be explored in this study is: ‘what causes and factors led to the formation of ISIS in Iraq?’ Using a theoretical framework and a constructivist methodology and the consideration of the ontological categories that have an excellent capability to explain the emergence of ISIS in Iraq, this paper examined subjective and objective causes of ISIS's formation in Iraq.

The 2020 US presidential election was held indirectly through the Electoral College with the rivalry between Trump and Biden from both the Republican and Democratic parties, and as a result, many American crises emerged, indicating a shift in the position of soft power. Soft power means convincing others to achieve the desired result through persuasion, which was invented by Joseph Nye. The soft power of the United States has led to a loss of its international appeal by taking a hard line on soft issues, such as ignoring public diplomacy. The question is, to what extent has the 2020 election affected America's soft power position? The emergence of crises, such as inefficiency in internal management, Trump's rejection of the election results, has led to the decline of America's soft power position in the world. Given this approach to the 2020 elections, this study seeks to examine the challenges posed by many analysts, both in the debate and after the election, through a descriptive-interpretive discourse analysis method. And explain how it has degraded America's soft power position and been able to have a direct impact on its future and global policies, such as the possibility of a power shift paradigm in the international arena. It also suggests that Iran can turn threats into opportunities with constructive policies, despite maximum US pressure.