درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: This study aims to evaluate one of Algeria's key strategies for developing an entrepreneurial culture among university students in higher education, which is entrepreneurial education. It analyzes the number of files submitted by university students through the National Agency for the Support and Development of Entrepreneurship from 2013 to 2020, as well as the statistics on students who participated in the Entrepreneurship House from 2013 to 2019. Methods: The study evaluates entrepreneurial education as a strategy for fostering an entrepreneurial culture among university students in Algeria, based on the number of files submitted for establishing micro-enterprises at the National Agency for the Support and Development of Entrepreneurship. It also assesses the outcomes of activities promoting entrepreneurship by entrepreneurship centers in higher education institutions in 2019. Results: The statistics reveal that Algeria’s experience in teaching entrepreneurship in higher education is both recent and weak. This weakness is due to the limited role of educational programs in business plan preparation and their inability to keep up with scientific advancements. These programs also fail to equip students with the necessary knowledge, skills, and capabilities to start their own projects or invest in opportunities for small business creation. Conclusions: Developing an entrepreneurial culture in universities requires collaboration across various efforts. This includes the Entrepreneurship House, which connects students to the economic environment through awareness and training, university business incubators that provide support and funding, and student clubs and research labs that foster an entrepreneurial culture within the academic setting.

This study evaluates the economic capital levels for Iranian banks and analyzes their behavior under various macroeconomic shocks by developing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model that incorporates banking sector heterogeneity and macroeconomic shock transmission mechanisms. A comprehensive DSGE framework was constructed and calibrated using Iranian macroeconomic and banking data. The model implementation utilized Dynare software to analyze impulse response functions across technology, liquidity, and monetary policy shock scenarios, with particular emphasis on capital adequacy dynamics, bank bankruptcy and exit possibilities, and effects on economic welfare and financial stability. Simulation results indicate that current capital levels of Iranian banks are insufficient for achieving financial stability and welfare maximization, requiring increases to higher levels, that exceeding Basel III regulatory minimums to maintain adequate resilience against macroeconomic volatility and prevent bank bankruptcy and exit. Technology shocks generate expansionary effects on output, consumption, and investment variables while improving economic welfare, whereas liquidity shocks create contractionary pressures reducing these key economic indicators and welfare levels. Interest rate shocks produce moderate and largely temporary effects across macroeconomic variables, with limited long-term impact on economic welfare and minimal influence on bank bankruptcy probability. The shock analyses demonstrate the critical importance of macroeconomic conditions in bank capital management decisions, economic welfare preservation, and bank exit prevention, with liquidity shocks showing the most substantial explanatory power for capital requirement variations. The study contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical application by extending DSGE modeling to incorporate banking sector capital dynamics, bankruptcy mechanisms, and welfare effects within an emerging market context, thereby offering a more comprehensive framework for economic capital determination. Our findings suggest that Iranian banks need to maintain higher capital levels to provide adequate stability and risk absorption capacity for Iranian banks under diverse economic shock conditions.

The ecological footprint is an effective tool for evaluating the pressures exerted on ecosystems and the environment. Given its importance, the present study examines the impact of uncertainty in factors influencing the ecological footprint across 10 selected Asian and European countries. To this end, a fuzzy regression model was employed to analyze these effects during the period from 1996 to 2022. Leveraging the capabilities of fuzzy regression, the intensity of each factor’s influence on the ecological footprint was calculated in terms of fuzzy centers, left spreads, and right spreads. The findings reveal that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iran (+5.5 and -4.5) had the most significant negative environmental impact, attributable to oil dependence and insufficient attention to environmental concerns. In contrast, China (+0.29 and -0.23) demonstrated improvements due to greener policies. Regarding trade (EX), Azerbaijan and Malaysia exhibited asymmetric effects due to their reliance on natural resource exports, whereas Romania (stable at 0.37) maintained more sustainable performance owing to European regulatory standards. Financial Development (FDI) showed high volatility in China (±6.13) and Thailand (+2.77 and -2.34), while Belarus (stable at 0.24) had the least impact. Hydropower energy consumption (HP) in Turkiye and Romania faced uncertainties due to large-scale projects, whereas Russia (stable at 0.007) played a minimal role. The key conclusion indicates that resource-dependent countries (e.g., Iran and Azerbaijan) exert greater environmental pressure, whereas economies with diversification (e.g., China) or strict regulatory standards (e.g., Romania) achieve better integration of economic growth and sustainability. These findings underscore the need for revising development policies to prioritize ecological balance.